Which of the following is not one of the major principles of sociological theories of crime casusation?
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Social groups, social institutions, arrange. of sociey, social roles provide proper focus for criminological study; group dynamic, organization, subgroup relationships form the casual nexus out of which crimes develop; Structur of society/ organsization important factors contributing to criminal behavior; Statistical estimats of groups characteristics are possible.
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Social refers to institutional arrangements within society's institutions.
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Structure
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Social structure theories see as a fundamental cause of crime.
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Social disenfranchisement
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The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone as being in transition.
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II
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According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes, the crime rate will
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Stay about the same
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Which of the following was not a result of the broken windows thesis?
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Decreases in maint/repair, increase in delinquencey, vandilism, and crime, further deterioration in safety and physical environment
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Merton's strain theory stresses?
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the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals wihtout providing equal access to means of obtaining them.
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According to Merton, an innovator
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accepts the legitimate goals but rejects the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.
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Whict of the following is characteristic of an individual experiencing personal deprivation?
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Feelings of social isolation
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According to general strain theory, which of the following is not a strain likely to cause crime?
Walter Miller identified six key values or , which are considered important by members of a delinquent subculture.
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Focal concerns
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A shoplifter who claims she is not really a criminal because "no one really go hurt" and "the shop can afford it" is employing technique of neutralization.
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Denying injury
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The development of favorable attitudes towards the use of violence involves?
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Learned behavior
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It appears that certain forms of violence are more acceptable in the portion of the United States.
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South
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According to James Clark, the black subculture of violence was created by generations of violence.
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White on black
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According to differential opportunity theory, drug use predominates in the delinquent subculture.
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Retreatist
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A juvenile who desires wealth but not entry into the middle class is the most crime-prone and is an example of Cloward and Ohlin's Type youth.
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3
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is the process in which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve.
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Reaction Formation
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The average age for joining a gang today is approximately years of age.
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13
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was directly based on the work of Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory.
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Mobilization for youth
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Which of the following was not part of Mobilization for Youth?
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Boycott's against schools, protest against welfare polices, rent strikes against slum landlords, lawsuits to ensure poor people's rights and voter registration
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Which of the following is a critique of ecological theories?
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overemphasize the notion that spatial location determines crime and delinquency, inability to differentiate between the condition of social disorganization and the things it is said it cause, many crimes occur outside of geographic areas said to be characterized by social disorganization
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Some researchers suggest that theories fail to distinguish between the condition of social disorganization and the crimes that this condition is said to cause.
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Ecological
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One criticism of strain theory is that
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participation in delinquency appears to shield delinquents from sources of despair.
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Which type of theory has been criticized for being racist?
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Subcultural theory
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Sociological theories attempt to predict the specific behavior of a given individual.
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True
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Social structural theories see economic disenfranchisement as a fundamental cause of crime.
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False
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Park and Burgess found that as their economic positions improved, inner-city resisdents tended to move to outer zones.
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True
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Broken windows theory encourages police to focus on combatting serious crime.
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False
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According to Merton, poverty and the resulting limitation of opportunity are sufficient to induce a conspicuously high rate of crime.
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False
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A wealthy and socially privileged individual may still experience relative deprivation.
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True
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Research suggests that feelings of general strain are negatively related to later delinquency.
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False
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Countercultures generally conform to the parameters of the surrounding culture.
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False
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The statement "I can take care of myself" best represents the focal concern of autonomy.
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True
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Matza described drift as hard determinism.
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False
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Participants in a violent subculture use techniques of neutralization to deal wiht feelings of guilt about their aggression.
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False
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James Clarke suggests tht the high rate of black underclass homicide in the U.S. may result from a black subculture of violence.
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True
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Nonutilitarian delinquency, which involves destroying things of value, is the result of turning lower-class subculture vaules upside down.
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True
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Gang crime during the 1920s involved primarily vandalism and petty theft.
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True
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There are a large number of female-dominate gangs today.
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False
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Co-offending reduces the likelihood that offenders will commit violent crimes.
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False
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The Chicago Area Project focused on reducing delinquency in transitional neighborhoods.
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True
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The Rand Corporation's review of the Chicago Area Project found it was effective in reducing rates of juvenile delinquency.
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True
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Subcultural theories have been criticized for being racist.
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True
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Social structure theories are able to predict which individuals will turn to crime.
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False
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Sociological theories use a perspective, stressing types of behavior likely to be exhibited by group members.
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Macro
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Social theories explain crime by reference to teh economic and social arragnements fo society.
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Structure
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According to the concept of , traditions of delinquency are transmitted through successive generations in the same zone.
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Cultural transmission
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Messner and Rosenfeld's relative deprivation theory blames the for most criminal activity.
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inconsistencies in the American dream
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A young male teen with an absent father may be likely to emphasize Miller's focal concer of .
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Toughness
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Claiming that "I only beat up drunks" is an example fo the neutralization technique of .
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denying the victim
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Individuals who openly reject what they want but cannot obtain are engaging in .
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Reaction formation
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According to Elijah Anderson, contemporary street code emphasizes the issue of .
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Respect
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The Chicago Area Project focused on reducing social in slum neighborhoods.
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Disorganization
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One criticism of theories is that they overemphasize the notion that spatial location determines crime and delinquency.
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Ecological
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One criticism of theories is that they are tautological.
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Subcultural
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