The term deviance can be defined as:
Select one:
a. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring.
b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.
c. Social reward for the violation of norms.
d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.
answer
A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. Explanation: The term deviance can be defined as a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. Deviance is often seen as a negative act, something that should be punished or regulated. However, some sociologists see deviance as a necessary part of society, something that can help to challenge and change existing norms.
question
Sociologist Edwin Sutherland is best known for Strain theory.
Select one:
True
False
answer
FALSE Explanation: Sutherland's strain theory posits that people engage in crime because of the strain or stress that is placed on them by society. This strain can be caused by a number of factors, including poverty, poor housing, and lack of education.
question
Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction?
Select one:
a. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS.
b. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.
c. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher.
d. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon.
answer
Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. Explanation: The following is an example of a negative informal sanction:Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.
question
Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society?
Select one:
a. Karl Marx
b. Carl Sagan
c. Émile Durkheim
d. C. Wright Mills
answer
C. Wright Mills
question
The term secondary deviance can be defined as:
Select one:
a. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations.
b. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others.
c. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices.
d. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.
answer
When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. Explanation: The term secondary deviance can be defined as when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. This can happen because the individual internalizes the label and begins to believe that they are, in fact, deviant. Additionally, this change in behavior may be a result of the individual seeking to fit in with a deviant peer group.
question
The term crime can be defined as:
Select one:
a. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.
b. A harmful action directed at the authorities.
c. A sequence of events leading to incarceration.
d. An unintended consequence of necessary action.
answer
A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. Explanation: The term crime can be defined as a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. This includes crimes such as murder, robbery, and assault, as well as less serious offenses such as vandalism and trespassing.
question
What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime?
Select one:
a. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.
b. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not.
c. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not.
d. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.
answer
A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. Explanation: The main difference between a violent crime and a hate crime is that a hate crime is motivated by prejudice or bigotry. This means that the perpetrator targets the victim because of their race, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation. Hate crimes are often seen as more serious than other types of crimes because they are motivated by hatred and bigotry.
question
Sociologist Travis Hirschi is best known for Control theory.
Select one:
True
False
answer
TRUE Explanation: Travis Hirschi is best known for Control theory, which posits that people conform to societal norms because they want to avoid negative consequences (such as punishment).
question
In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience?
Select one:
a. Strain theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association
d. Labeling theory
answer
Labeling theory Explanation: Scott's experience best fits the labeling theory. The labeling theory posits that people who are labeled as deviant are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. Scott was labeled as a problem" child in grade school, and he eventually dropped out of school as a result."
question
Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime?
Select one:
a. Street crime
b. Corporate crime
c. Violent crime
d. Institutional crime
answer
Corporate crime Explanation: Bernie Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars. A Ponzi scheme is a form of fraud in which investors are promised high returns with little or no risk. Madoff's scheme eventually collapsed, leaving his clients with substantial losses.
question
Sociologists Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay are best known for Cultural deviance theory.
Select one:
True
False
answer
TRUE Explanation:Bernie Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars. A Ponzi scheme is a form of fraud in which investors are promised high returns with little or no risk. Madoff's scheme eventually collapsed, leaving his clients with substantial losses.
question
An average of _____ people in the United States fall victim to hate crimes each year?
Select one:
a. 100,000
b. 150,000
c. 195,000
d. 200,000
answer
195 Explanation: There is no definitive answer to this question as hate crime statistics are notoriously difficult to compile and track. However, according to the most recent data from the FBI, there were 7,175 reported incidents of hate crime in the United States in 2017. This works out to an average of approximately 195 hate crimes per day.
question
Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience?
Select one:
a. Differential association theory
b. Strain theory
c. Labeling theory
d. Opaque theory
answer
Differential association theory Explanation: Differential association theory would best describe Ally's experience because she has been exposed to criminal activity at a young age by her father and brother. This exposure has likely led her to associate with others who engage in similar behavior, which has resulted in her own arrests for possession of marijuana.
question
Strain theory:
Select one:
a. Argues that morality is based on wealth.
b. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle.
c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.
d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.
answer
Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. Explanation: Strain theory addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. The theory argues that when people are unable to achieve their goals through socially acceptable means, they may turn to deviant behavior in order to achieve their goals.
question
Deviance is always considered a crime.
Select one:
True
False
answer
FALSE Explanation: False. Deviance is not always considered a crime. It can be defined as behavior that does not conform to societal norms. While some forms of deviance may be criminal, such as robbery or murder, others may not be, such as piercings or tattoos.
question
Social control is a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law.
Select one:
True
False
answer
FALSE Explanation: Social control is the system by which a society controls its members. It includes the mechanisms by which a society enforces its norms, values, and rules.
question
Sociologist Robert Merton is best known for Differential association theory.
Select one:
True
False
answer
FALSE Explanation: False. Robert Merton is best known for his theory of deviance, which states that deviance is a function of the structure of society.
question
Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a positive formal sanction.
Select one:
True
False
answer
TRUE Explanation: A positive formal sanction is a type of reinforcement that is given after a desired behavior is displayed. In this case, Jake received a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a positive formal sanction because it is a reward that was given to Jake after he displayed a desired behavior (winning an important case).
question
Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System?
Select one:
a. The police
b. The jury
c. The courts
d. The corrections system
answer
The jury Explanation: The U.S. criminal justice system is composed of three main branches: the police, the courts, and the corrections system. The jury is not a branch of the criminal justice system, but rather a part of the court system.
question
Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior.
Select one:
True
False
answer
FALSE Explanation: True. Functionalist Emile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior.
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