Soc Ch. 6

1. Any behavior, practice, or condition that results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction if it becomes known is referred to as: a. Crime b. Deviation c. Nonconformity d. Deviance

2. An act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment or both is referred to as: a. Deviance b. Law-breaking c. Crime d. Criminality

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of deviance? a. Can encompass criminal and noncriminal actions b. Not restricted to any specific racial, gender, or age group c. Is only based on legal judgments, does not include moral stances d. Include things such as medical conditions, illnesses, and physical abnormalities

4. Which of the following is not characteristic of a pluralistic society? a. Made up of many different groups and subcultures b. Different groups have different norms and values c. Norms and values may change over time d. Beliefs are stable and unchanging

5. A crime considered so heinous that it is punishable by death referred to as: a. Capital offense b. Death penalty crime c. Eye-for-an-eye offense d. Felony crime.

6. The act of having multiple wives is referred to as: a. Monogamy b. Mormonism c. Polygamy d. Polyandry

7. Which of the following is not a major theoretical perspective used to explain deviance? a. Biological b. Symbolic interactionist c. Economic d. Functionalist

8. The theory that skull configurations of deviant individuals differ from those of non-deviants is referred to as: a. Phrenology b. Atavism c. Neurocriminology d. Ontology

9. Which of the following studies does not reflect a biological approach, at least in part? a. A study that tries to find a relationship between criminal convictions of parents and criminal convictions of their children b. A longitudinal study that follows pairs of twins and records their deviant behavior c. A study that measures the influence of peer groups on deviant activity d. An experiment that measures brain activity before and after watching a violent or pornographic film

10. Which of the following is not characteristic of a functionalist view of deviance? a. Deviance is an abnormality that society ultimately seeks to eliminate. b. The labeling of some as deviant can contribute to social solidarity for those who conform to norms. c. A certain amount of deviance can be functional by contributing to social change. d. Who is and who is not labeled deviant reflects the interests of the ruling class.

11. According to Émile Durkheim, what condition occurs when people lose sight of the shared rules and values that give order and meaning to their lives? a. Normlessness b. Anomie c. Strain d. Value tension

12. The form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between the culturally defined goals of a society and the means available to achieve those goals is referred to as: a. Strain theory b. Cultural strain c. Structural tension d. Structural strain

13. Which of the following would be considered a deviant means to achieve the goal of economic success? a. Working hard at a job even though you hate it b. Selling powder cocaine to wealthy businesspeople c. Attending graduate school d. Opening your own business

14. In the United States, which of the following would not be considered to be a normative cultural goal that people strive for? a. Earning economic success b. Raising and supporting a family c. Gaining recognition or fame d. Maintaining a steady routine, day-to-day

15. Merton's idea that when there is a discrepancy between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates of deviance will be high is referred to as: a. Goal-means incongruity theory b. Structural tension theory c. Strain theory d. Structural strain theory

16. Which of the following is not one of the types of deviant reactions to strain, as outlined by Merton? a. Revolution b. Innovation c. Rebellion d. Ritualism

17. The theory that people differ not only in their motivation to engage in deviant acts but also in their opportunity to do so is referred to as: a. Strain theory b. Opportunity theory c. Life chances theory d. Deviant prospects theory

18. What of the following is not a characterization of control theory? a. Deviance among children and teenagers can be explained by looking at the deviance of their peer groups. b. Strong social bonds that discourage deviance can be formed with individuals or institutions. c. The majority of deviant acts are carefully planned. d. People who do not succumb to deviance have a stronger will to conform.

19. Theories that identify the conflicting interests of certain segments of the population are referred to as: a. Conflict theories b. Subcultural theories c. Cultural theories d. Subgroup theories

20. The idea that what is labeled deviant or criminal—and therefore who gets punished—is determined by the interests of the dominant class is referred to as: a. Class-dominant theory b. Class conflict theory c. Capitalist culture theory d. Marxist theory

21. Which of the following does not illustrate a class-dominant theory? a. The disparity in severity of sentencing for pure cocaine and crack cocaine is so large because pure cocaine is more often used by upper-class whites while crack cocaine is more common among poor blacks. b. The passage of marijuana decriminalization legislation is deterred by powerful lobbying efforts of the pharmaceutical industry. c. Individuals turn to robbery and larceny because they lack alternative educational and employment opportunities. d. Tagging graffiti on a building is considered a crime because of American notions of private property.

22. The idea that conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of society produce laws defining certain acts as deviant or criminal is referred to as: a. Strain theory b. Societal contradiction theory c. Structural conflict theory d. Structural contradiction theory

23. Which of the following is not characteristic of a feminist perspective on deviance? a. Nearly all research on deviance focuses on male deviance. b. Nearly all research on deviance is conducted by men. c. Women's deviant behavior is more likely to be stigmatized than men's. d. Biological differences between men and women must be taken into account.

24. The argument that deviant behavior is little more than a product of the labels people attach to certain types of behavior is referred to as: a. Catalogue theory b. Association theory c. Labeling theory d. Criminal label theory

25. The idea that deviant and criminal behavior results from associating with attitudes favorable to acting in ways that are deviant or criminal is referred to as: a. Deviance learning theory b. Deviant association theory c. Criminal bondance theory d. Differential association theory

27. Which of the following would be least likely to be considered sexual deviance in the United States? a. Exchanging sexual favors for cash or other goods b. Engaging in sexual acts with multiple partners at once c. Living with your partner without being married d. "Sexting," or sending nude or partially nude pictures of yourself to strangers via an electronic device

26. Which of the following would not be considered an example of "everyday" deviance? a. Drinking at an underage party b. Refusing to move over for people on the sidewalk c. Tattooing your neck, hands, and full length of your arms d. Driving down the wrong side of a busy road

28. Criminal acts committed by state and government officials in the pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the government are referred to as: a. Government crime b. State crime c. Federal crime d. Public offenses

29. Which of the following is an example of informal social control? a. Expelling a student for breaking school policy b. Arresting an individual for public drunkenness and disorderly conduct c. Sentencing a convicted murder to life in prison d. Grounding a teenager for sneaking out at night

30. Which of the following is not considered a property crime? a. Arson b. Robbery c. Larceny d. Burglary

31. Which of the following would not be considered organized crime? a. A woman who sells her escort services on Craigslist b. "The Black Market" c. A drug trafficking ring d. A money laundering racket

32. Crime committed by people of high social status in connection with their work is commonly referred to as: a. Fraud b. Corporate crime c. Executive crime d. White-collar crime

33. While there is widespread agreement that certain acts, such as homicide or sexual molestation, are deviant, there is a lack of consensus about many other behaviors, such as visible tattoos and facial piercings. a. True b. False

34. Even though individuals may disagree about what is considered deviant, sociologists have the academic authority to determine what is deviant or not. a. True b. False

35. The majority of early biological theories have stood the test of time and are widely supported by modern criminologists and sociologists. a. True b. False

36. According to some sociologists, some people do not engage in deviance because they lack the means or community in which to do so. a. True b. False

37. Control theorists would argue that forming connections with other people and institutions is more important than the presence of anomie in understanding deviance. a. True b. False

38. Most deviant acts are spontaneous and unplanned. a. True b. False

39. White-collar criminals are not considered deviant as they are striving toward accepted cultural goals and using similar means, such as business practices or loopholes, to achieve them. a. True b. False

40. Subcultural theories only examine differences in deviance between immigrant or ethnic groups and dominant, U.S. culture. a. True b. False

41. Some theorists claimed deviants were _____, throwbacks to primitive early humans. a. primalities b. atavisms c. anthropoids d. hominoids

42. According to Durkheim, as social solidarity _____, anomie _____, and suicide rates _____. a. decreases, increases, increase b. decreases, decreases, increase c. increases, decreases, increase d. increases, increases, decrease

43. _____ deviance occurs at the moment an activity is labeled as deviant by others, while _____ deviance occurs when the person being labeled deviant accepts the label as part of their identity and begins to act in conformity with the label. a. Initial, secondary b. Primary, secondary c. Principal, secondary d. Initial, conformity

44. _____ are acts defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment, or both, while serious forms of deviance that violate established laws are referred to as _____. a. Felonies, illicit deviance b. Felonies, criminal deviance c. Crimes, criminal deviance d. Criminal deviance, crimes

45. _____ is the attempts by people or groups to control the behaviors of others, while _____ is the ability to effectively exercise those attempts. a. Social control, social power b. Social regulation, social power c. Social power, social control d. Cultural control, cultural power

46. Countries that provide a wider social "safety net" for their citizens witness lower rates of crime. a. True b. False

47. The majority of _____ who engage in deviant or criminal behavior are themselves victims or survivors. a. Women b. White-collar criminals c. Police officers d. Low-income people

48. According to some sociologists, the ____ we associate with people whose behavior is deviant, the _____ the likelihood that our behavior will also be deviant. a. More; less b. Less; greater c. More; greater d. Less; less

49. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is an explanation for why incarceration rates have increased? a. People are committing more crimes. b. Some crimes require mandatory minimum sentences. c. Some states can sentence someone to life in prison if they commit three felonies in their lifetime. d. More people are in prison for nonviolent, drug-related offenses.

50. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is considered a violent crime? a. Rape b. Assault c. Arson d. Robbery

51. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is characteristic of the deviance of powerful people? a. They engage in many of the same types of deviance as ordinary people. b. They may face greater social stigma or backlash because of their fame or celebrity status. c. They may be able to use money or power to conceal their deviance. d. They are just as likely to face punishment for criminal deviance as ordinary people.

52. Some traditional ideas about sex, such as the idea of waiting to have sex until marriage, are becoming increasingly viewed as deviant. a. True b. False

53. Higher-income people are more likely to be victims of property crime than lower-income people. a. True b. False

54. Police brutality and corruption are more common than reported because of police subcultural norms that emphasize "protecting your own." a. True b. False

55. Like any other crime, the FBI maintains accurate documentation of state crime that is made readily available to the public. a. True b. False

56. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following would be considering a white collar crime? a. Trading stocks based on insider information. b. Murdering an investment banker. c. Identity theft. d. Forging checks.