Criminology Chapters 1-4

25 July 2022
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The legalistic perspective recognizes that laws are social products.
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True
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__________ is human activity that violates social norms.
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Deviant Behavior
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A(n) __________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach.
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General
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The concept of __________ refers to the view that social events are interpreted differently according to the viewer.
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Social Relativity
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Contemporary criminologists operate primary from a __________ perspective.
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Sociological
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The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through ____________.
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A political process
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A criminalist studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.
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False
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A(n) __________ is made up of clearly state propositions suggesting relationships between events and occurrences being studied.
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Theory
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The __________ perspective is most applicable to homogeneous societies.
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Consensus
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The process of __________ makes some forms of behavior illegal.
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Criminalization
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According to a recent Gallup poll, the majority of respondents believed that crime in the United States is ____________.
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More prevalent than it was a year ago
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People appear to be particularly fascinated by __________ crime.
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Violent
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A behavior can be a crime even if there is no law defining that behavior.
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False
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The nothing works doctrine was based on the work of ___________.
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Robert Martinson
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Research by __________ found that a small number of chronic recidivists were responsible for a large majority of serious violent crime.
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Marvin Wolfgang
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According to routine activities theory, which of the following is not required for a crime to occur?
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The absence of a defensible space
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Bentham's approach is known as ___________.
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Hedonistic calculus
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The justice model is based on the belief that prisons do not rehabilitate.
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True
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__________ determinism is the belief that much of human behavior results from forces outside the individual's control.
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Hard
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The argument that crime is not a result of poverty or social conditions and therefore cannot be affected by social programs was made by ___________.
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James Q. WIlson
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Cesare Beccaria was opposed to the use of torture.
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True
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The variety of rational choice theory that builds on an emerging emphasis on victimization is known as ____________.
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Routine Activities Theory
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According to Beccaria, punishment should be imposed to ___________.
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Prevent the offender from committing additional crimes.
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Jeremy Bentham advocated extreme and cruel punishments.
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False
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Which of the following is not one of the basic assumptions or principles of the Classical School?
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Most human behavior results from forces that are beyond the control of the individual
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The __________ model is predicated on the belief that criminals deserve punishment because of the choices they make.
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Justice
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Rational choice theories have been criticized for ___________.
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An overemphasis on individual choice
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According to William Sheldon, __________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.
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Mesomorphs
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Twin studies are commonly used in the field of ___________.
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Behavioral genetics
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Biological theories consider external forces to be the cause of behavior.
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False
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According to Gall, the shape of which body part can be used to predict criminality?
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Skull
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Cesare Lombroso's work was influenced by that of Charles Darwin.
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True
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The term "positivism" came from the writings of _________.
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Auguste Comte
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Sheldon described endomorphs as cerebrotonic, restrained, and shy.
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False
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Atavism implies the notion that criminals ____________.
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Are born as criminals
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The systematic study of the biological basis of social behavior is known as __________.
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Sociobiology
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Which of the following is not a criticism of sociobiology?
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It fails to integrate biology into the paradigm
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The link between PMS to violent or criminal behavior may be explained by __________.
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A drop in serotonin levels in the female brain just prior to menstruation
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Women generally commit more crimes of __________ than men.
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Shoplifting
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__________ developed the theory of phrenology.
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Franz Joseph Gall
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Which of the following statements about female criminality is not true?
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Women are far more likely to murder each other than are men
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According to Lombroso, __________ were occasional criminals who were pulled into breaking the law by virtue of environmental influences.
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Criminaloids
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Psychopaths frequently make very poor first impressions on others.
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False
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Individuals suffering from poor __________ development are likely to seek immediate gratification without considering the long-term consequences of their choices.
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Superego
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The __________ is a largely unconscious region of the mind.
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Id
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Which of the following is not one of the three laws in Gabriel Tarde's theory of human behavior?
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Suggestibility is a key cause of criminal behavior
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The term psychoanalysis was coined by __________.
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Sigmund Freud
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Which of the following is an example of a negative punishment?
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Taking a favorite toy away from a bad child
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The individual best known for his work on behavior theory is ________.
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B.F. Skinner
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According to psychological theorists, improper conditioning may be a cause of defective mental processes.
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True
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Giving a good child a toy is an example of a ___________.
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Positive reward
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According to psychoanalysis, criminal behavior is maladaptive.
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True
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A psychopath has no though or feelings for his or her victims.
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True
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Which type of self-control involves resisting temptations to eat, drink or take drugs?
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Impulse control
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According to Freud, the ego-ideal is an element of the __________.
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Superego
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Which of the following is a criticism of modeling theory?
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It lacks comprehensive explanatory power
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________ is human conduct that violates the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make and enforce the laws.
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Crime
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Crime is socially relevant in the sense that it is created by legislative activity.
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True
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A formal written enactment of a legislative body is called a ________.
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Statute
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__________ is violations of criminal law and other misbehavior committed by young people
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Delinquency
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The __________ holds that laws should be enacted to criminalize given forms of behavior when members of society agree that such laws are necessary.
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Consensus perspective
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The __________ Holds that behaviors are typically criminally through a political process only after debate over the appropriate course of action.
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Pluralist perspective
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A _________ is someone who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.
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Criminologist
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A _________ is someone who is a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of a crime.
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Criminalist
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___________ is an interdisciplinary profession built on the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, including their manifestation, causes, legal aspects, and control.
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Criminology
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Criminology does not include consideration of possible solutions to crime.
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False
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Instead of simply describing crime and its occurrences, ___________ offers explanations for criminal behavior.
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Theoretical criminology
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A(n) _________ theory of crime does not necessarily explain all criminality.
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Integrated
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Crime is fundamentally a social construction.
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True
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Data contained in the _______ consist of information from interviews with members of randomly selected households throughout the nation.
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NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey)
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Which measure of crime is regarded as more accurate than the others?
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NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey)
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The _________ is based on a goal of developing a set of uniform crime statistics for use by police agency and policy makers.
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UCR (Uniform Crime Report)
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A _________ is the proportion of reported or discovered crimes within a given offense category that are solved.
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Clearance rate
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The ___________ revises the definitions of a number of offenses for reporting purposes.
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NIBRS (National Incident Based Reporting System)
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The __________ refers to the large number of unreported crimes that never make it into official crime statistics.
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Dark figure of crime
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___________ criminology is a form of contemporary criminology that seeks to translate research findings into the field of practical and workable policy initiatives.
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Translational
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___________ criminology is a form of contemporary criminology that makes use of rigorous social scientific techniques, especially randomized controlled experiments, and the systematic review of research results.
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Evidence-based
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The Enlightenment was based on the idea of rational thought and the application of reasoned scientific principles.
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True
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Who said that the purpose of punishment should be deterrence rather than retribution, and punishment should be imposed to prevent offenders form committing new crimes?
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Cesare Beccaria
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Who said that punishment should be swift, certain, and appropriately severe?
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Cesare Beccaria
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__________ argued that the pain associated with crime commission must outweigh the pleasure to be derived from criminal activity.
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Jeremy Bentham
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Jeremy Bentham proposed that human beings are not rational.
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False
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What is the belief that behavior holds to any individual undertaking it according to the amount of pleasure or pain that it can be expected to produce for that person?
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Hedonistic calculus
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A prison designed by Jeremy Bentham that was to be a circular building with cells along the circumference, each clearly visible from a central location staffed by guards is a ____________.
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Panopticon
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The ___________ held that men and women are rational beings and that crime is the result of the exercise of free will and personal choices based on calculations of perceived costs and benefits.
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Classical School
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___________ focuses on the importance of character, the dynamics of character development, and the rational choices that people make as they are faced with opportunities for crime.
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Neoclassical criminology
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__________ was based upon the acceptance of hard determinism.
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Positivism
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Who believed in the nothing works doctrine which states that correctional treatment programs have little success in rehabilitating offenders?
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Robert Martinson
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Who suggested that crime is not a result of poverty or social conditions and cannot be affected by social programs?
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James Q. Wilson
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The ___________ is a contemporary model of imprisonment in which the principle of just deserts forms the underlying social philosophy and holds the belief that criminals deserve punishment because of the choices they make.
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Justice model
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____________ theory holds criminals make a conscious, rational, and at least partially informed choice to commit crime.
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Rational Choice
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According to the routine activities theory, crime is likely to occur when there is a ______________.
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Motivated offender, a capable target, and a lack of a capable guardian.
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____________ theory is a brand of rational choice theory suggesting that regular, recurrent, and patterned activities contribute significantly to both the volume and the type of crime found in any society.
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Routine Activities
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____________ theory is a brand of rational choice theory that views criminal behavior "as a function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities."
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Situational Choice
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What is the idea that crime is often pleasurable for those committing it and that pleasure of one sort or another is the major motivation behind crime is called?
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The seductions of crime
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____________ is an approach that looks to develop greater understanding of crime and more effective crime prevention strategies through concern with the physical, organizational, and social environments that make crime possible.
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Situational Crime Prevention
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How is punishment viewed in classical thought versus neoclassical thought?
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In classical thought, punishment is viewed as a deterrent. In neoclassical thought, punishment is viewed as retribution.
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___________ is the notion that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the law, and that any punishment imposed should be appropriate to the type and severity of crime committed.
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Just Deserts Model
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____________ is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of punishment.
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Deterrence
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____________ is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from repeating criminality.
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Specific deterrence
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____________ is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced.
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General deterrence
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The repetition of criminal behavior is called __________.
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Recidivism
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_____________ is a model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term of imprisonment that may be reduced by good behavior or other considerations.
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Determinate sentencing
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_____________ is a close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon those sent to prison and the time actually served prior to prison release.
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Truth in sentencing
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_____________ is the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future offenses.
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Incapacitation
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Crime is controlled via the imprisonment of specific individuals by ____________.
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Selective incapacitation
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Changes in legislation and/or sentencing patterns lead to removing dangerous individuals from society by ____________.
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Collective incapacitation
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Perspectives maintaining that the basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically base and often inherited are ____________.
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Biological theories
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Positivism is a scientific approach to the study of ___________.
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Crime and its causation
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___________ believed social phenomena could be observed, explained, and measured in objective and qualitative terms.
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Auguste Comte
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The study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior is called __________.
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Phrenology
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Who brought phrenology to the United States?
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Johann Gaspar Spurzheim
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Who coined the term atavism?
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Cesare Lombroso
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_________ suggests criminality was the result of primitive urges that survived the evolutionary process.
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Atavism
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____________ is the scientific study of the relationships between human physical characteristics and criminality.
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Criminal anthropology
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Who thought that the whole fabric of Lombrosian doctrine is fundamentally unsound?
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Charles Buckman Goring
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____________ explain criminality by reference to offenders' body types, genetics, or external observable physical characteristics.
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Constitutional theories
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_____________ is associated with Ernst Kretschmer and WIlliam H. Sheldon.
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Somatotyping
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Somatotyping is the classification according to what?
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Body types
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______________ is a perspective holding that the root causes of criminality are passed from generation to generation in the form of "bad genes."
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Eugenic criminology
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A male individual displaying the XYY chromosome structure is called a ___________.
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Supermale
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Studies involving twins are done in the filed of __________.
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Sociobiology
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Who believed that much human conduct is fundamentally rooted in instinctive behavioral responses characteristic of biological organisms everywhere?
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Konrad Lorenz
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Selfless, helping behavior is __________.
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Altruism
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The attitudes and behavior that result from strong feelings of identification with one's own social group are called ___________.
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Tribalism
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_________ is a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of sympathy, empathy, and embarrassment.
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Psychopathy
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__________ refers to any sort of psychological disorder that causes distress either for the individual or for those in the individual's life.
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Psychopathology
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A __________ is an individual who has a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, and who is lacking in empathy
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Sociopath
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People with ____________ are individuals who are basically unsocialized and whose behavior pattern brings them repeatedly into conflicts with society.
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Antisocial personality
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________ states that as an individual grows older or moves from one place to another, his or her personality remains largely intact.
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Trait
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_________ states that an individual becomes criminal when they have not successfully completed their intellectual development from child- to adulthood
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Moral development theory
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A psychological perspective that involves the study of human perceptions, information processing, and decision making.
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Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Theory
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__________ refer to generalized knowledge about specific types of situations stored in the mind.
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Scripts
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A theory that is derived from the medical sciences (including neurology) and that, like other psychological theories, focuses on the individual as the unit of analysis
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Psychiatric criminology
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From the point of view of ___________, criminal behavior is maladaptive, or the product of inadequacies in the offender's personality.
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Psychoanalysis
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Held that although frustration can lead to various forms of behavior - including regression, sublimation, and aggressive fantasy - direct aggression toward others is its most likely consequence.
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
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A form of adjustment that results from change in the environment surrounding an individual.
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Alloplastic Adaptation
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A form of adjustment that results from changes within an individual.
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Autoplastic Adaptation
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A psychological principle that holds the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, of association with stimuli.
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Behavioral conditioning
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A perspective stating that people learn how to act by observing others.
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Social Cognition Theory
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The process of learning how to behave by observing others.
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Modeling
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A form of social learning theory that asserts people learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others who they have had the opportunity to observe.
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Modeling Theory
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Area of criminal psychology concerned with the diagnosis and classification of offenders, the treatment of correctional populations, and the rehabilitation of inmates and other law violators.
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Correctional Psychology
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The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide.
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Psychological profiling