Geology Exam 2

Water falling in Illinois would ultimately end up where? -pacific ocean -atlantic ocean -gulf of mexico -lake michigan

Which of the following statements about drainage basins is FALSE? -Water falling on opposite sides of a divide will flow in different directions. -Drainage basins only contain one river. -All water leaves a drainage basin through one river. -A trunk stream for one drainage basin can be a tributary for a larger drainage basin.

divide

watershed

tributary

trunk stream

Where are the headwaters of the Mississippi River? -Appalachian Mountains -Gulf of Mexico -Northern Minnesota -Rocky Mountains -Missouri River

Water erodes the outside of a river bend to form a __________. -drainage basin -cut bank -point bar -meander -oxbow lake

What is discharge a measurement of? -the speed of a river -the turbulence of a river -the steepness of a river -the amount of water flowing in a river -the ability of a river to erode

How did the Mississippi River delta form? -As the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico, its velocity decreases and it begins to drop its sediment load. -As sea level has risen since the end of the last Ice Age, wave action along the Gulf Coast has eroded the mainland, leaving behind a lobe-shaped landmass. -When the Mississippi River floods its banks, sand grains settle out just beyond the river's normal banks to form a natural ridge. -After Pangea broke apart, the North American plate has continued on a northward course, leaving debris on the trailing edge. -Dams and locks trap sediment. To keep the Mississippi River clear for navigation, sediment is dredged and dumped along the shoreline and forms a delta.

What has caused the hypoxic "dead zone" to form off the coast of the Gulf states? -Poor farming practices increase the sediment load in the Mississippi River, blocking sunlight and thereby inhibiting photosynthesis. -Fertilizers and pesticides are toxic chemicals. When they run off of fields and into the Mississippi River, they make their way to the Gulf and poison fish and other species. -The highly turbulent Mississippi River carries so much sand and silt into the Gulf of Mexico during the spring that it chokes marine species. -Fertilizers flushed from farmers' fields enter the river and promote algae growth, which then competes for oxygen with native fish and other marine species. -Fertilizers promote the growth of algae. When they die and decompose, oxygen is depleted in the Gulf of Mexico.

Which of the following sketches best represents the longitudinal profile of the slope of a streambed? -slope increases downstream -slope is constant and shallow downstream -slope is constant and steep downstream -slope decreases downstream

Which of the following statements is true? -High stream velocity near the mouth is associated with erosion. -Small channel size is associated with deposition. -Low gradient is associated with deposition. -High volume is associated with erosion.

zone of erosion

zone of transportation

zone of deposition

At which of the following locations is erosion occurring? https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/396/6/_6bdcb617_15405b7ae87__8000_00003570.png

At which of the following locations is deposition occurring? https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/396/6/_6bdcb617_15405b7ae87__8000_00003570.png

Which of the following statements about deposition and erosion around meander loops is true? (Choose all that apply) -Erosion occurs where water is moving the fastest along the outside of the loop. -Deposition occurs where water is moving the slowest along the inside of the loop. -Deposition occurs where water is moving the fastest along the inside of the loop. -Erosion occurs where water is moving the slowest along the outside of the loop.

Which portion of the stream is the most likely to become an oxbow lake in the near future? (see pic)

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -uniform bedrock

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -volcanic cones or domes

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -highly jointed bedrock

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -areas of alternating weak and resistant bedrock

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -alternating weak and resistant bedrock, isolated peaks

Stream drainage patterns are controlled by the slope and type of material over which the streams are flowing.

direction and location of streamflow controlled primarily by geology

direction and location of streamflow controlled primarily by slope

What causes meandering streams to downcut and become incised meanders? (Which of these represents a change in base level? Will downcutting occur if base level decreases or increases?) -uplift of the land the stream is flowing on -stream velocity increases -the stream flows over soft sediment -sea level rise

Which of the following is likely to occur to an incised meander after it reaches equilibrium with its new base level? -The incised meander will erode the canyon walls to form a flat plane at the new base level. -The incised meander will cause only minor erosion of the canyon walls. -The incised meander will continue to downcut. =The incised meander will fill its canyon with sediment.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the erosional processes of meanders that are incising and meanders that are in equilibrium? (Choose all that apply) -Incising meanders erode primarily in a side-to-side manner. -Incising meanders erode primarily by downcutting. -Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily in a side-to-side manner. -Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily by downcutting.

How does the number of tributaries change for a stream that has had part of its flow captured (A in the example) and a stream that has pirated another stream (B in the example)? (see pic) -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) increases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) increases. -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) decreases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) increases. -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) decreases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) decreases. -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) increases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) decreases.

Using the example below, determine how flow will change as a result of stream piracy. The arrows indicate the original flow directions and the dotted line indicate where headward erosion has occurred. http://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/404/14/_6bdcb617_15405b7ae87__8000_00003586.png -Water would flow from point C to point A. -Water would flow from point B to point C. -Water would now flow from point A to point C. -Water would no longer flow in the stream at point A.

Which of the following is the major contributing factor in all landslides? -sedimentary layers oriented parallel to the slope -gravity -stream erosion -precipitation -earthquakes

Which landscape is most prone to generating landslides? -beach -river valleys -rolling hills -plains -mountains

Which of the following triggers generated the 1958 landslide and tsunami at Lituya Bay, Alaska? -lahar -jointed bedrock -meltwater from snowpack -earthquake -too much precipitation

Which of the following landslides was caused in part because the underlying sedimentary bedrock was oriented parallel to the slope that failed? -Gros Ventre Landslide (Wyoming) -Mt. St. Helens Lahar (Washington State) -Oso Landslide (Washington State) -Lituya Bay Landslide (Alaska) -Blackhawk Landslide (California)

How can the addition of water make a slope fail, creating a landslide? (Select all that apply) -Water can easily flow downslope. -Water helps materials stick together and slide as an intact unit. -Water will mix with the sediments to create a mudslide. -Water in pore spaces reduces cohesion between particles. -Water makes the slope material heavier. -Water will dissolve cements from sedimentary rocks, leaving easily moved unconsolidated sediments.

The Gros Ventre slide is evident today by __________. -only an unvegetated scar on the mountain flank -a scar, runout area, and landslide debris filling the valley -a large depression was once occupied by a lake -a fault scarp from the earthquake -a lack of evidence that the rockslide ever occurred

Which of the following is a reason the Gros Ventre rockslide took place? -A sandstone bed acted as a layer of slip, upon which all of the overlying sediments moved downslope. -The sedimentary strata were dipping at a very high angle. -A large earthquake triggered this event. -Much of the tree cover from the mountain flank was removed, thereby decreasing slope strength. -Because the river eroded material at the valley base, there was no support of the material upslope.

A __________ acted as a sliding surface across which material moved downhill during the Gros Ventre Slide. -river -clay layer -valley floor -slide scar -sandstone layer

Heavy rainfall caused the clay to lubricate and the sandstone to become __________. -thicker -saturated and heavy -eroded more quickly -greater in volume -lighter weight

Which of the following statements is true regarding the aftermath of the Gros Ventre rockslide? -The Gros Ventre River has migrated to another valley due to the accumulation of debris. -The rockslide reached and beveled the town of Kelly, Wyoming. -The rockslide debris dammed up the river and formed a lake. -The rockslide scar and runout area are not easily seen. -No one was killed as a consequence of the rockslide.

Creep is __________. -mass wasting by the gradual downhill movement of sediment, influenced by freeze-thaw or wet-dry cycles -a rapid type of mass wasting involving block of bedrock that break loose and slide downslope -a type of mass wasting characterized by slow movement of a saturated layer -a rapid type of mass wasting associated with large amounts of water -a type of mass wasting that forms a slope scar and teardrop-shaped mass that moves down gradient

Describe how a soil particle moves downhill during the freeze-thaw process. -Freezing leads to expansion by the formation of ice, which creates cracks in rocks. As thawing takes place, the crack is filled with water and soil. -During the freeze, a soil particle moves at a right angle away from the surface, and thawing causes the particle to fall back to a slightly lower level. -Freezing leads to the contraction of soil particles, and thawing leads to particle expansion. -Freezing causes soil to become hard and compact, while thawing allows the particles to move downhill. -Freezing causes the particle to move directly upward, while thawing causes the soil particle to drop down to the original location.

Why would trees be J-shaped? -Freezing and thawing causes damage to the internal structure of trees. -They are curved in the uphill direction due to creep. -Trees take on a J-shape during the downward sliding of a mass of material along a curved surface. -Rapid, sudden movement of material causes trees to take this form. -The trunks become tilted in the downhill direction due to creep, but continue to grow toward the sun.

Which of the following is associated with creep? -earthquakes as a common trigger -sudden movement of material -a curved rupture surface is formed -large blocks of bedrock slide downslope -slow and subtle movement of material

A __________ is a common result of creep. -broken retaining wall -scarp -slump -large accumulation of rock fragments -soupy mixture of debris

Permafrost is __________. Hints -soil that episodically moves downslope over time from repeated episodes of freezing and thawing -saturated soil that moves downhill very slowly -a layer of sediment that loses internal cohesion due to water saturation and moves downslope -the layer of soil that thaws to a depth of one meter during summer and refreezes during the winter -permanently frozen ground of tundra and subarctic climates that has remained 0°C for two years or more

__________ is an example of mass wasting commonly seen in the active layer above permafrost. -Creep -Solifluction -Debris flow -Earthflow -Rockslide

What is name of the near-surface layer that thaws in the summer? -the zone of creep -permafrost -the discontinuous zone -the solifluction zone -the active layer

If permafrost is melted, which of the following is a consequence? -Solifluction caused the material in the active layer to move downslope. -The ground subsides because the volume of water is less than that of ice. -The soil will be stabilized due to the loss of water. -The ground uplifts because the volume of ice is less than that of water. -If permafrost is melted, trees will die.

What is used to keep the Trans-Alaska pipeline from melting permafrost? -stilts -liquid nitrogen -no precautions were taken during construction of the pipeline -a thick manmade layer of asphalt -a pipe that cannot be destroyed

Which type of glacial movement is circled in figure 1? (see pic) -internal flow -fracture zone -basal sliding -ice flow -crevasse

Which type of glacial movement will be responsible for the greatest amount of glacial flow? -ice flow -fracture zone -internal flow -crevasse -basal sliding

Explain why post A has moved farther than posts B and C. (see pic) -Ice along the edges of the glacier is more highly fractured and will flow slower. -Ice in the center of the glacier has the most weight and will flow faster. -Ice along the edges of a glacier can be blocked by rocks. -Ice in the center of a glacier has the least friction with the surrounding bedrock and can flow faster. -Ice near the edges of the glacier has the least friction and can flow slower.

Which part of a glacier will see the build-up of ice and snow over the course of a full year? -Zone of Wastage -crevasse -Zone of Accumulation -terminus -end moraine

How does a glacier lose ice through sublimation? -Ice forms through water freezing. -Ice melts. -Ice changes from solid to gas. -Ice breaks off to form icebergs. -Ice is worn off at is slides over rocky ground.

Which of the following budget scenarios describes a glacial advance? -The amount of melting of ice and snow is equal to the accumulation. -More ice and snow melts than accumulates each year. -More ice and snow accumulates than melts each year.

During a glacial retreat, a glacier will flow _____ while the terminus moves _____. -forward; backward -uphill; downhill -backward; backward -forward; forward -backward; forward

__________ are defined as a chain of glacial lakes where each lake flows into the next. -Tarns -Cirques -Hanging valleys -Glacial troughs -Pater noster lakes

What glacial feature is circled in Figure 1? (see pic) -hanging valley -horn -cirque -arête -tarn

What glacial feature is circled in Figure 2? (see pic) -cirque -horn -arête -glacial trough -truncated spur

What is the best way to describe the shape of a glacial valley? -rectangular -V-shaped -triangular -U-shaped -irregular

Which two regions currently contain the world's last remaining ice sheets? -Antarctica and Siberia -North America and Siberia -North America and Northern Europe -Northern Europe and Siberia -Antarctica and Greenland

When was the last time North America had major ice sheets? -300,000 years ago -18,000 years ago -10 million years ago -100 years ago -1 million years ago

Which landform marks the furthest extent of an advancing glacier? -terminal moraine -drumlin -esker -ground moraine -recessional moraine

What glacial landform is visible in Figure 1? (see pic) -esker -ground moraine -drumlin -terminal moraine -kame

What feature is responsible for creating eskers? -braided streams flowing out across the landscape -streams that flowed below, in, or on the glacier -glacial debris piled up along the terminus -kettle lakes melting -glacial debris smeared out under the glacial ice

What is the name for an isolated boulder of unexpected rock type that has been transported by a glacier and stranded after the ice melts? -terminus -erratic -till -end moraine -tidewater glacier

What causes a crevasse to form? -When ice flows around a bend or over an obstacle, it is stretched and torn, causing large cracks to form. -Global warming is causing glaciers to melt at alarming rates, resulting in unusually large cracks. -Glacial meltwater flows into holes on the surface and into the interior of the glacier. -During the summer, the lower parts of a glacier warm and meltwater flows, forming large gashes in the ice. -Rocks tumble down valley walls as landslides, crashing down upon the glacier surface.

What causes streams that emerge from glaciers to be milk-colored? -Glaciers are made up of interlocking crystals of ice that flow like silly putty; therefore, glacial meltwater is viscous and milky. -The reflection of sunlight off of the suspended calcium carbonate ions in solution. -Some glacial ice, particularly in Antarctica, is extremely old, which causes streams that emerge from these glaciers to be milky colored. -The presence of finely ground sediment called rock flour in the meltwater. -Air-borne dust that accumulates on a glacier surface over many years.

What shape is a glacial trough? -C-shaped -U-shaped -V-shaped -S-shaped

Most modern glaciers are __________. -advancing -in equilibrium -retreating

Which orbital effect describes how the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun will change over time? -precession -wobbling -eccentricity -seasonality -obliquity

What is the critical latitude for incoming solar radiation, which could affect the formation of ice sheets? -45° S -22.5° N -equator -65° N -65° S

How many years does one complete cycle of precession take? -13,000 years -26,000 years -18,000 years -41,000 years -100,000 years

What effect will an increased angle of tilt have on the Earth's climate? -warmer summers and colder winters -The climate will not be affected. -overall cooling planet-wide regardless of season -overall warming planet-wide regardless of season -cooler summers and warmer winters

Which of the following scenarios will have the greatest chance of triggering an ice age? -eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the greatest amount of solar radiation -obliquity and precession tipping the Earth closer to the Sun to increase incoming solar radiation -eccentricity carrying the Earth farther from the Sun -obliquity tipping the Earth farther away from the Sun to shield to polar regions from the Sun -eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the least amount of solar radiation

Which of the following represent the largest volume of freshwater found on Earth? -water vapor in the atmosphere -ice sheets and glaciers -groundwater -rivers -lakes

Which of the following is a true statement about groundwater? -The groundwater table does not mimic surface topography. -Groundwater makes up the largest total volume of freshwater on Earth today. -Water in a groundwater system moves in underground rivers and caverns. -Water in a groundwater system is stored in subsurface pore spaces and fractures. -Groundwater makes up only about 6% of all liquid (unfrozen) fresh water.

In the __________, groundwater fills the pore space. -capillary fringe -zone of saturation -unsaturated zone -bedrock -water table

The water table __________. -is only observed where it reaches the surface -always comes into contact with streams -surface is a subdued version of the surface topography -reaches its lowest level beneath hills and ascends toward valleys -represents the lower limit of the zone of saturation

A __________ is separated from the groundwater system by the unsaturated zone. -lake -capillary fringe -losing stream (connected) -gaining stream -losing stream (disconnected)

Groundwater flows from __________. -valleys to drainage divides -low to high pressure areas -discharge to recharge areas -valleys to hills -high to low pressure areas

Which of the following is necessary to calculate hydraulic gradient? -the thickness of impermeable units -the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation -the slope of the water table between two wells -the depth at which one well penetrates the zone of saturation -velocity

A perched aquifer is located directly above a(n) __________. -water table -discharge area -aquitard -recharge area -regional aquifer

Which of the following is true regarding groundwater as you move deeper below the surface? -Groundwater moves over smaller distances, but takes longer to travel between locations. -Deep water is commonly lost to water bodies at the surface. -Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales. -The turnover of water becomes relatively rapid, as it enters through filtration and leaves through water bodies. -Variations in surface topography are much more important to flow patterns than subsurface geology.

Which of the following best describes the cone of depression? -a dimple in the water table surface formed from changes in pressure from a ridge to stream valley -a dimple in the water table surface due to water pumped faster than an aquifer can be replenished -a depression of the water table surface due to a relatively impermeable zone in an aquifer -a bulge formed in the water table due to a stream that is separated from the groundwater system by the unsaturated zone -a bulge in the water table surface due to aquifer replenishment rate exceeding pumping rate

To ensure a continuous supply of water, a well must do what? -be drilled into a perched aquifer -penetrate well below the regional water table surface -pierce the water table surface -be drilled through an aquitard -be drilled into the unsaturated zone

When water is pumped from a well, drawdown occurs. Which of the following is a true statement regarding drawdown? -Drawdown increases with increasing distance from the well. -Drawdown is negligible where heavy pumping occurs. -Regardless of pumping, drawdown only occurs during dry periods. -Drawdown decreases with decreasing distance from the well. -Drawdown decreases with increasing distance from the well.

The cone of depression __________ near a well. -increases the hydraulic gradient -decreases water velocity -decreases drawdown -decreases the hydraulic gradient -does not affect the hydraulic gradient

In which situation does the cone of depression need to be taken into account? -A well for industrial purposes is located across a drainage divide, in relation to domestic wells. -Two domestic wells are drilled well above the water table. -A well for industrial purposes is drilled proximal to a smaller, domestic well. -A well for industrial purposes is drilled very far away from smaller, domestic wells. -A well drilled into a perched water table was successful.

An artesian system is present when groundwater __________. -flows toward a pressure surface below the aquifer -flows easily through an aquifer -under pressure rises above the aquifer level -is pumped from an aquifer -under pressure is below the level of the aquifer

A __________ is located where the pressure surface is above the aquifer, but below the ground. -nonflowing artesian well -cone of depression -perched aquifer -flowing artesian well -confined aquifer

If a well is drilled into an aquifer where the pressure surface is both above the aquifer and the ground, a __________ is formed. -flowing artesian well -nonflowing artesian well -confined aquifer -perched aquifer -recharge area

Which of the following is a requirement for an artesian system to exist? -Water must be confined in a flat-lying aquifer. -The aquifer must be unconfined for water to flow freely. -An aquitard must be present only above the aquifer. -Aquitards must be present both above and below the aquifer. -An aquitard must be present only below the aquifer.

As shown by the South Dakota example, artesian systems __________. -are not dependent on confining layers -are able to transmit water great distances from recharge to discharge areas -do not require inclined aquifers to receive water in the recharge area -are artificial in origin -only occur in near-surface areas across short distances

Where is the majority of liquid freshwater found? -rocks and sediments -sinkholes -glaciers -streams -lakes

The depth below groundwater is the water table. Also, the structure and arrangement of rocks can affect the way groundwater flows. Which of the following can control groundwater's ability to flow? (Select the two that apply) -change of water table elevation -acidic water -gravel -pores/fractures in the rock -solid bedrock

The presence of the Green River has a significant impact on the water table in the area around Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky. How does the relationship between the Green River and the water table affect cave passage formation? -Water added to the subsurface via infiltration from the Green River will keep the water table at the same elevation for long, giving acidic water more time to carve out cave passages. -As the Green River erodes downward, the water table will raise as more water infiltrates into the subsurface, creating new cave passages. -As the Green River erodes downward, the water table will lower as the groundwater flows toward the stream, carving new cave passages further from the surface. -The Green River's processes are separate from the regional groundwater flow. Caves are carved by acid alone. -The water table adds more water to the Green River, raising the river's elevation and allowing cave passages to be created nearer to the surface.

The Mammoth Plateau near Mammoth Cave National Park is higher in elevation than the surrounding landscape and separates the Sinkhole Plain from the Green River. As the Mammoth Plateau is a major topographical barrier, how does precipitation that falls on the Sinkhole Plain make it into the Green River Valley? -Precipitation flows in surface streams that cut through the Mammoth Plateau and empty into the Green River. -Precipitation seeps into fractures in the bedrock, freezing and expanding them, to make a larger passage to flow through. -Precipitation infiltrates via fractures in the bedrock, moving slowly through the subsurface to eventually discharge into the Green River. -The Mammoth Plateau is composed of unconsolidated sediments. Precipitation seeps through pore spaces to eventually discharge into the Green River. -Precipitation infiltrates into the subsurface via sinkholes and flows through subterranean passages to the Green River Valley.

In the late twentieth century, Hidden River Cave had suffered from significant pollution and bad odor. Although various chemical pollutants had been dumped or spilled nearby, none had intentionally been disposed of in Hidden River Cave. How did they end up there? -The pollution was carried to the cave by a local river. -Pollutants migrated along manmade pathways (e.g., sewers). -Pollution moved along highly fractured bedrock to get into the cave. -The chemicals were caustic enough to dissolve their own pathways through the carbonate rock. -Hidden River Cave and the dump sites are connected via various sinkholes and subterranean passages.

Desert regions occur __________, and always have a(n) __________ climate zone adjacent to them. -in the rainshadow; equatorial -on every continent; steppe -on every continent; humid -in equatorial regions; steppe -in polar regions; semiarid

At what latitudes do the large-scale, convection cells bring dry air downward toward the Earth's surface? -at the equatorial low -between 20-30° north and south -between 60-70° north and south -0° -at the poles

Deserts that lie outside of the subtropics and mid-latitude belts are most likely the result of __________. -high water vapor content in the atmosphere -rising, expanding, and cooling air masses -large-scale atmospheric circulation -low pressure -the presence of a rainshadow

Precipitation occurs on the __________ of the mountain range, while the __________ is dry. -west flank; east flank -leeward side; prevailing wind side -leeward side; windward side -windward side; leeward side -interior basin; coastal region

When air __________, it is compressed and warmed. -reaches the equatorial low -rises -increases in water vapor -decreases pressure -sinks

Which of the following accurately describes the Basin and Range region of the western United States? -a region formed by tectonic extension that includes perennial rivers and extensive channel networks -a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by reverse faulting -an area with alternating mountains and basins in a humid climate -a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by normal faulting -a large area characterized by large mountains and rivers that reach the Pacific Coast

A(n) __________ is a cone-shaped deposit of sediment that is deposited when a stream exits the mouth of a canyon. -alluvial fan -inselberg -dune field -playa -bajada

What type of rocks would you expect to find in a playa lake depositional environment? -evaporites and claystone -fossiliferous limestone -poorly sorted conglomerates -cross bedded sandstone -interbedded sandstones and conglomerates

An isolated, heavily eroded hill or mountain that rises abruptly from a plain is a(n) __________. -inselberg -bajada -alluvial fan -fault block -playa

Other than the landforms you learned about in the video, what is another landform present in the Basin and Range Province? -sand dunes -perennial streams -vegetated hillslopes -deep lakes -integrated drainage networks

Which of the following is true about sand dunes? -Dunes are stationary features. -Dunes move over time. -Dunes are more affected by water than wind. -Dunes are erosional landforms, not depositional landforms. -Dunes move as a single bodily mass.

What is the term for the rolling and bouncing of sand grains during transport? -creep -suspension -saltation -traction -bed load

The __________ of a dune is characterized by a decrease in energy and sand avalanches, which occur due to oversteepening. -gently sloping side -windward side -ripple marks -avalanche -leeward side

What is cross bedding? -Planar layers deposited in low energy, interdune areas. -Large mound or ridge-like features dominantly composed of sand grains. -Sand carried as bed load across the windward side and avalanching down the slip face. -Layers deposited on a dune slip face that are inclined in the direction of wind transport. -Layers deposited on the windward side of a dune that are inclined in the direction of wind transport.

Cross-bedded sandstone shows inclined beds in a downward direction. What part of the ancient dune do these features represent? -angle of repose -crest -slip face -windward side -the whole dune

Wind erosion can cause __________, which can create shallow depressions called __________. -abrasion; desert pavement -chemical weathering; blowouts -abrasion; ventifacts -deflation; desert pavement -deflation; blowouts

Deflation leads to the formation of desert pavement by __________. -moving clay to gravel-size material along the surface until the gravel accumulates and armors the surface -carrying fine sediments away and leaving a layer of larger particles at the surface -depositing fine sediments between larger grains, which then sink and build up the land surface up through time -moving suspended load and bedload, both of which are deposited at a great distance -sand-blasting the gravels on the surface layer, leaving them polished and pitted

In the first model, what happens as the layer of coarse material develops at the surface? -The coarse grains are transported downslope by water and deflation wears down the ground surface. -The concentration of large particles decreases through time. -It blocks the fine-grained sediment below from the wind, which prevents the possibility of further deflation. -It is polished and rounded from wind abrasion. -The large clasts trap increasing amounts of fine sediments over time, causing the land surface to rise.

In the second model, wind energy diminishes between large grains of the surficial layer, leading to what? -an increase of gravel abundance and packing -reduced abrasion on gravels of the surficial layer -wearing down of the ground surface through time -fine-grained material carried away from large grains by deflation -deposition of fine-grained sediments between large grains

What is the primary difference between the two desert pavement hypotheses? -Model 1 is based on an increase in sediment volume through time (deposition), while Model 2 is based on a sediment volume decrease through time (erosion). -Model 1 is characterized by building up the land surface, while Model 2 is based on wearing down the surface by wind erosion. -Model 1 includes a layer of gravels exposed at the surface for the same length of time, while Model 2 shows various exposure ages for gravels. -Model 1 is based on a sediment volume decrease through time (erosion), while Model 2 is based on an increase in sediment volume through time (deposition). -Model 1 begins with weathered gravels on bedrock, while Model 2 begins with poorly sorted sediments.

If the wavelength of a set of waves is 20 feet long, how deep is the wave base? -10 feet below the surface -40 feet below the surface -30 feet below the surface -20 feet below the surface

How shallow must the ocean floor be for waves to start to "feel bottom" for a wave set with a wavelength of 20 feet? -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 20 feet below the surface. -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 10 feet below the surface. -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 30 feet below the surface. -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 40 feet below the surface.

Which of the following distances represents one wavelength of the wave set drawn below? (see pic) -B to C represents a wavelength. -A to C represents a wavelength. -A to B represents a wavelength. -A to D represents a wavelength.

A set of waves are moving from east to west. Assuming the boat is in deep water, which of the following would describe the motion of a boat during the passage of these waves? -The boat would move from north to south. -The boat would move from east to west. -The boat would move up and down in the water. -The boat would move west to east.

Which of the following statements describe what happens to sediment when a longshore current meets a jetty? (Choose all that apply.) -Sediment is eroded on the down-current side of the jetty because water is starved of sediment in this location. -Sediment is deposited on the down-current side of the jetty because water moves slower in this location. -Sediment is deposited on the up-current side of the jetty because water moves slower in this location. -Sediment is eroded on the up-current side of the jetty because the water is starved of sediment in this location.

Which of the following describes the general pattern of movement of sand on a shoreline? -Incoming waves push sand at up the shore perpendicular to the shore. -Net sand movement is perpendicular to the shore. -Receding waves pull the sand out at an angle to the shore. -Net sand movement is parallel to the shore. -Net sand movement is at an angle to the shore.

Which one of the following statements regarding active and/or passive margins is NOT true? -Cape Cod represents an active margin, as evidenced by its large sand dunes. -There are not many earthquakes or volcanoes along passive margins. -The shorelines of the east and west coasts of the U.S. look very different. -Subduction commonly occurs along active margins, pushing cliffs upward. -Long, beautiful beaches characterize passive margins.

What is the name of the gigantic boulders left behind as the glaciers receded? -kettles -spits -moraines -tills -erratics

A thin peninsula called a spit extends beyond the bluffs of the outer beach on Cape Cod. What has caused this spit to form? -Barrier islands that migrate are known as spits. -Sand from the bluffs is carried and deposited by longshore currents. -As sea level drops during the winter, shoals are exposed. These are known as spits. -When beach dunes become separated from the mainland by an intervening stream, a spit forms. -Nor'easter storms cause larger landmasses to erode into long, thin ridges known as spits.

If the sediment that makes up the beaches of Cape Cod were to lithify, what kind of rock would it become? -sandstone -shale -limestone -Rock Gypsum -basalt

During which month are hurricanes most likely to occur on the east coast of the United States? -September -November -March -July

Which of the following describes the movement of air in a hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere? -Air moves down to the surface in a counterclockwise direction. -Air moves up from the surface in a clockwise direction. -Air moves down to the surface in a clockwise direction. -Air moves up from the surface in a counterclockwise direction.

Where do hurricanes that hit the East Coast of the United States form? In which direction do they travel? -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator and move in a southwest direction. -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator and move in a northwest direction. -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean at the equator and move in and eastern direction. -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean south of the equator and move in a northwest direction.

Which of the following statements about hurricanes is true? -Hurricanes are likely to occur in any month. -Hurricanes spin the same direction all over the Earth. -Hurricanes can hit every coastline on Earth. -Hurricanes lose energy when moving over land. -Every spinning storm in the ocean is a hurricane.

What is stress? -the amount of deformation that results from an applied force -the amount of force that results from an applied deformation -the deformation exerted to cause force -the force exerted to cause deformation

What is strain? -the amount of deformation that results from an applied force -the force exerted to cause deformation -the amount of force that results from an applied deformation -the deformation exerted to cause force

What happens when stress exceeds a brittle rock's yield strength? -The rock will not change. -The rock will experience elastic strain. -The rock will experience flow. -The rock will experience fracture.

What happens when stress exceeds a plastic rock's yield strength? -The rock will not change. -The rock will experience fracture. -The rock will experience flow. -The rock will experience elastic strain.

Imagine two rocks. Rock A is weaker than rock B. Which of the following statements about rocks A and B is true? -Rock A experiences brittle strain, whereas rock B experiences plastic strain. -Rock A experiences plastic strain, whereas rock B experiences brittle strain. -The yield strength of rock B is lower than that of rock A. -The yield strength of rock A is lower than that of rock B.

Imagine two rocks. Under enough stress, rock A will experience plastic strain, whereas rock B will experience brittle strain. Which of the following statements about rocks A and B is true? -Rock A will experience elastic strain before plastic strain sets in, but rock B will experience only brittle strain. -Both rock A and rock B will experience elastic strain before plastic or brittle strain sets in. -Rock B will experience elastic strain before brittle strain sets in, but Rock A will experience only plastic strain. -The yield strength of rock B is lower than that of rock A. -The yield strength of rock A is lower than that of rock B.

What is the hinge line of a fold? -the compass orientation of the fold -line of maximum inflection that layers wrap around -a U-shaped pattern of rocks at the surface -a symbol showing the direction and angle of dip -rock layers that make the sides of a fold

What is the orientation of a fold's hinge line with respect to the orientation of plunge? -Hinge is perpendicular to the direction of plunge. -Hinge is offset from direction of plunge by forty-five degrees. -Hinge is vertical whereas plunge is horizontal. -Hinge line is in the direction of plunge. -Hinge is offset from the direction of plunge by thirty degrees.

How will the orientation of a plunging anticline's limbs change in the direction the fold is plunging? -The limbs of the fold will become horizontal. -The limbs will open up as they move in the direction that the fold is plunging. -They will close to a point. -The limbs will make a circle. -The limbs will make parallel stripes.

What kind of fold is circled in Figure 1? (see pic) -nonplunging anticline -plunging syncline -nonplunging syncline -plunging anticline -monocline

Which fault will see the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall? -right-lateral strike-slip fault -normal fault -reverse fault -thrust fault -left-lateral strike-slip fault

What kind of fault is visible in Figure 1? (see pic) -reverse fault -normal fault -left-lateral strike-slip fault -right-lateral strike-slip fault -thrust fault

What kind of force would create the fault in Figure 1? (see pic) -compression -tension -shear

__________ faults combine elements of strike-slip and dip-slip motions. -Reverse -Thrust -Normal -Oblique-slip -Strike-slip

Which of the following processes resulted in the deformation of sedimentary units in the American West during the Jurassic Period? -rifting of the North American plate -glacial ice sheets pressing down on the North American plate, deforming it -upwelling of mantle plume beneath the North American plate -subduction of the Farallon plate beneath the North American plate -extensive volcanic eruptions resulted from normal faulting of the North American plate

Which of the following examples best illustrates the effects of ductile deformation? -Rocks along a convergent plate boundary are subjected to gentle compressive force for millions of years, but once the compression ends, the rock returns to its original shape. -Divergent boundaries will bend rocks through tension, but once the tension is over, the rock will return to its original shape. Rocks are subjected to great pressure and fragment as a result. -Rocks along a convergent plate boundary are subjected to compressive force for millions of years and are permanently folded. -Divergent boundaries will bend rocks through tension, leaving a permanent fold.

A series of synclines and anticlines is oriented with the hinge lines of the folds trending east-west. From which directions did the force come to create these folds? -northeast-southwest -above-below -north-south -northwest-southeast -east-west

The anticline that makes up Sheep Mountain is rather small and restricted in extent. What other local feature might be present that would constrain this fold to a small geographic area? -faults in the basement rock beneath the anticline. -the presence of a syncline in the Bighorn Basin. -A mountain range was created nearby, preventing the rocks from folding any farther. -The anticline was originally more extensive, but elastic deformation allowed some of the rocks to return to their original shapes. -Rocks at Sheep Mountain were closer to the surface when they were deformed, so rocks were not able to fold as much.

When viewed from the air, the Bighorn River cuts across the Sheep Mountain anticline. As Sheep Mountain is a topographic high and barrier to streamflow, how was the river able to establish itself and eventually erode through the anticline? -The Ancestral Bighorn River established a course over the landscape while the anticline was still buried at depth. -Rifting of the landscape created fractures for groundwater to follow, which eventually coalesced to create a river. -A normal fault bisects Sheep Mountain, which created a path for water to flow. -Uplift of mountains nearby diverted the river, which eventually wore a path through the anticline. -Melting glaciers at the peak of Sheep Mountain created meltwater streams that eventually carved through the mountain.

Rank the events from oldest to youngest: -The sediments are buried and lithified into sedimentary rock. -Compressional forces cause the sedimentary rocks to bend into an anticline. -Sediments are deposited in a horizontal orientation. -Processes of weathering and erosion expose the interior of the anticline.

A monocline is a type of a(n) ____ -joint -anticline -fold -fault -intrusion

Choose the correct definition of a monocline: -A convex-up fold with the oldest strata in the center -A circular structure formed by downwarping of the crust -A large steplike fold in otherwise flat-lying sedimentary rocks -A circular structure formed by crustal upwarping -A trough with the youngest strata occupying the center

Which of the following is required for a monocline to form? -Subsidence produced by large accumulations of sediment -Intrusion of magma (laccoliths) -Reactivation of steeply-dipping faults in basement rocks -Erosion of overlying sedimentary rocks -Ductile deformation of crystalline basement rocks

When a fault is expressed at the surface, it is called a __________. -rupture surface -epicenter -fault scarp -focus -hypocenter

The name of the site where slippage begins and earthquake waves radiate outward is called the __________. -rupture surface -scarp -hypocenter -epicenter -fault

If the stress applied to the rock is greater than rock strength, what happens? -The hypocenter and the epicenter become one in the same. -Blocks of rock will slide relative to one another along a fault, causing an earthquake. -Elastic energy is stored for the next earthquake. -The rocks will warp, stretch, and bend, but will not break.

The hanging wall moves __________ relative to the footwall in a __________ fault. -up; dip slip -down; strike slip -down; normal -along strike; dip slip -up; strike slip

Which of the following might be seen where strike-slip movement has occurred? -the location of an earthquake's hypocenter -mountains from upward motion of the footwall -offset fences -a fault scarp -a large subsiding region from the hanging wall block moving down

Which of the following is a characteristic of an S wave? -"shaking" particle motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel -particle motion parallel to wave direction -seismic wave with highest velocity -movement at or near Earth's surface -compression and expansion

What best describes the movement of P waves? -extremely slow velocity -shearing motion -high amplitude -along the surface -compression and expansion

Amongst all seismic waves, surface waves __________. -exhibit particle movement parallel to wave direction -cause the least amount of damage -have the lowest amplitude on the seismograph -move by compression and expansion -have the slowest velocity

The names primary and secondary refer to ___________. -wave speed -wave motion -wave amplitude -direction of travel -particle motion

Which of the following correctly compares the seismograph readings from Station 1 to Station 2, as shown in the video? -The waves arrive earlier at Station 2. -Surface waves show smaller amplitude at Station 2. -The time between wave arrivals is longer at Station 1. -Surface waves show larger amplitude at Station 2. -S waves arrive first at Station 1.

Define earthquake intensity. -A qualitative measure of the amount of ground shaking at a certain location. -A quantitative measure of ground motion. -The quantitative amount of energy released from the earthquake source. -The amount of time between P and S wave arrival. -The measure of the maximum amplitude of a surface wave.

A smaller earthquake in Virginia was felt over a larger distance, as compared to a larger earthquake in California. What is a reason this occurred? -less rigid bedrock -warmer crust -colder crust -location of epicenter -higher population density

Richter magnitude (ML) is derived from measuring __________ and __________, and then plotting them on a Richter diagram. -distance away from earthquake; minimum S wave height -S minus P wave time; maximum P wave height -S minus P wave time; distance -maximum S wave height; moment magnitude -S minus P wave time; maximum S wave height

Why is moment magnitude (MW) preferred over Richter magnitude (ML)? -Moment magnitude measurements are quantitative values, while Richter magnitude values are qualitative. -The moment magnitude scale contains more accurate quantitative measurements. -Moment magnitude is calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave and the distance to the earthquake. -Moment magnitude includes a qualitative measurement of intensity, while the Richter scale does not. -Moment magnitude measures the total energy released during an earthquake and can adequately measure the energy of large earthquakes.

A tsunami is caused by __________. -earthquakes only -man-made sea vessels -anything that displaces water -tides -storms

A __________ is located at a plate boundary between a subducting slab of oceanic crust and an overlying plate. -normal fault -megathrust fault -divergent setting -strike-slip fault

What happens to tsunami waves as they move closer to shore? -Velocity increases and height decreases. -Both velocity and height increase. -Velocity decreases and height increases. -Both velocity and height decrease. -The waves maintain a constant speed and height.

Which of the following locations on the Circum-Pacific Belt are likely to generate a tsunami? -Hawaii -southern west coast of California -east coast of South America -east coast of India -west coast of South America

__ is a seismic zone that has not produced a large earthquake for a considerable length of time. -A subduction zone -A seismic gap -A convergent plate boundary -The Circum-Pacific Belt -An earthquake belt

Which of the following describes the curved path of seismic waves through the mantle? -Waves are concave down because rock density decreases with depth. -Waves are concave up because rock density decreases with depth. -Waves are concave up because rock density increases with depth. -Waves are concave down because rock density increases with depth.

How do waves refract in rocks? (Choose all that apply) -Waves refract away from the boundary when moving from less dense to more dense material. -Waves refract toward the boundary when moving from less to more dense material. -Waves refract toward the boundary when moving from more to less dense rock. -Waves refract away from the boundary when moving from more to less dense material.

Which of the following layers consist of mostly solid material? (Choose all that apply) -mantle -outer core -lithosphere -inner core -asthenosphere

Which of the following best describes the trend in the speed of seismic waves as they travel toward the center of the earth? -Speeds decrease at a steady rate as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds both increase and decrease as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds increase at a steady rate as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds stay the same as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds increase as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth, but at different rates.

Which of the following statements accurately describes P- and S-waves? -P-waves do not travel through the outer core. -Both P- and S-wave speeds increase with depth. -S-waves travel faster than P-waves. -S-waves do not travel through the outer core whereas P-waves do.

Approximately how fast do P-waves travel through the mantle? (see pic) -5 km/s -13 km/s -0 km/s—P-waves do not travel through the mantle. -10 km/s -2 km/s

Approximately how fast do S-waves travel through the outer core? -4 km/s -0 km/s—S-waves do not travel through the outer core. -10 km/s -8 km/s

Why does a shadow zone occur for P-waves? -P-waves do not travel through the outer core. -P-waves reflect off of the inner core. -P-waves refract as they go through the outer core. -P-waves follow a curved path through the mantle.

Which of the following behaviors of seismic waves help scientists determine the location of layers in the Earth? (Choose all that apply) -waves following a curved path -waves reflecting (bouncing) -waves stopping (truncating) -waves refracting (bending)

An earthquake occurs at the location marked with the X in the figure given below. At which location(s) would you expect to find P-waves? Note that each tick mark represents 10 degrees. (see pic) -E -D -A -C -B

An earthquake occurs at the location marked with the X in the figure given below. At which location(s) would you expect to find S-waves? Note that each tick mark represents 10 degrees. (see pic) -D -C -E -B

Which of the following describes the trend of the Earth's temperature (based on the geotherm) moving toward the center of the Earth? -Temperature increases at a constant rate with increasing depth. -Temperature decreases with increasing depth but at different rates. -Temperature increases with increasing depth but at different rates. -Temperature decreases at a constant rate with increasing depth. -Temperature remains constant with increasing depth.

Which of the following describes the relationship between the geotherm and the iron melting curve? -Most rocks are warmer than the melting temperature of iron. -All rocks are cooler than the melting temperature of iron. -Most rocks are cooler than the melting temperature of iron. -All rocks are warmer than the melting temperature of iron.

What does the iron melting curve tell us about the state of rocks in the Earth? (Choose all that apply) -Rocks are only molten when the geotherm and iron melting curve are overlapping. -When the iron melting curve is to the right of the geotherm, rocks are molten. -When the iron melting curve is to the left of the geotherm, rocks are solid. -When the iron melting curve is to the right of the geotherm, rocks are solid. -When the iron melting curve is to the left of the geotherm, rocks are molten.

Which of the following layers contains mostly molten or liquid rock? -asthenosphere -lithosphere -mantle -inner core -outer core

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the strengths of rocks and how close the temperature is to the melting point of iron? (Choose all that apply) -Rocks that are cold, or further away from the melting point of iron, are strong. -Rocks that are warm, or close to the melting point of iron are strong. -Rocks that are cold, or far away from the melting point of iron, are weak. -Rocks that are warm, or close to the melting point of iron, are weak.

Intervals of paleomagnetic ___________ is/are characterized by the alignment of the magnetic south pole and the geographic north pole. -polar wandering -sea floor spreading -reversed polarity -normal polarity

The first step toward utilizing paleomagnetic data is to infer the direction (polarity) of the magnetic field at the time that rocks of various ages were forming at a particular site. Unfortunately, a limitation exists in that any grain orientation has two equally valid interpretations.

Which of the following statements best describes Wegener's idea of continental drift? -Ancient organisms had undergone mass migrations to reach the continents where they are found today. -Continents were building up through sedimentation. -Global oceans were draining, which exposed stationary parts of the seafloor we now call continents. -Continents are subsiding into the seas. -Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time.

How was the fossil record of ancient life used to support Wegener's hypothesis about Pangaea? -Fossils are evidence of mass migrations of organisms in search of resources on other continents. -Organisms on multiple continents independently evolved to have the same appearance. -The identical fossils are all marine fossils, indicating that the continents were all once covered by a global sea. -Organisms used a series of islands to "leap frog" to another, stationary continent. -Fossils of identical organisms were found on several continents, indicating the continents were once joined.

Late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks often contain extensive coal seams that were used to support the existence of Pangaea. What would the climate have been at that time and at the location where the coal deposits were formed, and what would it indicate about the continent's past latitude? -Warm, humid climate near the Equator -Polar tundra climate -Arid climate near the Equator -Temperate climate in the mid-latitudes -Cold climate near the South Pole

When matching up once-joined continents such as South America and Africa, the coastlines do not fit together as nicely as the continental shelves. Why might this be the case? -Separation of the continents resulted in deformation of the coastlines. -The continental shelves are the edges of the continent. The shoreline simply shows where the sea level is in relation to topography. -The coastlines have been altered by vast deposits of lava. -Large volumes of sediment eroded from the continent fills in the gaps between the shelves.

What evidence supports that the glaciers on the southern continents were once part of a single, massive ice sheet? -Glaciers reshaped continental coastlines to match -Striations -Decreasing thickness of glacial deposits from the center outward -Depositional ridges of sediment point out a direction of ice flow away from a central location

How is ocean depth calculated by sonar? -Ocean depth is calculated by seismic waves that record detailed seafloor profiles. -Ocean depth is calculated by the time it takes sound waves to travel from the ship to the seafloor and back to the ship again. -Ocean depth is calculated by the time it takes seismic waves to make a round-trip from the ship to the seafloor. -Ocean depth is calculated by sound waves sent from a satellite that record variations in the ocean surface. -Explosions created by ships create sonar waves, which then map the sea floor.

What type of ocean exploration technique is the best for determining potential oil and gas reservoirs? -rope -seismic reflection survey -multibeam sonar -satellite altimeter -sonar

Name all of the ocean bottom features shown in the image of the Los Angeles coast produced by the multibeam sonar. -canyons, slope, rise -mountains, shelf, slope -shelf, canyons, slope -shelf, canyons, slope, rise -shelf, slope, rise

Satellites record slight variations on the sea surface using radar. What do these slight variations represent? -gravitational forces of tides -the featureless, flat surface of the ocean bottom -features on the seafloor -sonar signals set off by vessels -movement of waves

Which of the following describes a seismic reflection survey? -Seismic signals produced from an explosion travel to the ocean floor, penetrate some layers, and reflect back to a receiver. -Radar from a satellite is used to detect slight variations in the sea surface, which correspond to topography at the sea floor. -A ship emits sound waves that bounce off of the ocean floor and back to the ship. The wave travel time is used to calculate ocean depth. -A bathymetric survey conducted by a ship lowering a weighted rope at certain locations to ascertain ocean depth. -A ship uses multibeam sonar to produce robust, shaded relief bathymetry maps of continental shelves.

Which of the following correctly describes the Atlantic and Pacific continental margins? Hints -Both the Atlantic and Pacific are active margins. -The Atlantic is a passive margin, and the Pacific is an active margin. -The Atlantic is an active margin, and the Pacific is a passive margin. -Subduction zones rim the Atlantic Ocean, while the Pacific plate margins lack tectonic activity. -Both the Atlantic and Pacific are passive margins.

Choose the true statement regarding the continental shelf. -The shelf is always tectonically active. -The continental shelf neighbors the continental rise. -The shelf is the region located between deep sea fans and the abyssal plain. -The shelf represents the flooded portions of continents. -The shelf lies beneath the deepest part of the ocean.

Turbidity currents travel from the shelf through __________, creating deep sea fans. -the accretionary wedge -the abyssal plain -a shallow trench -canyons -subduction zones

If the subduction angle is steep, the overriding plate may undergo __________. -passive margin formation -subduction erosion -uplift -rapid building of the accretionary wedge -volcanism

Which of the following is true regarding shallow subduction angles? -Sediment and seamounts are scraped from the downgoing plate to produce an accretionary wedge. -Shallow subduction only occurs between the convergence of oceanic and continental crust. -Shallow subduction results in a deep trench. -Subduction erosion is a common phenomenon in shallow angle subduction. -The Mariana trench shows a shallow angle of subduction.

The Red Sea presents a simple geometry of an elongate oceanic basin. Volcanic rocks along both shores of the Red Sea display similar ages of ~20 million years. Examine the shape of the shoreline of Red Sea. What type of tectonic environment is present at the Red Sea? -The Red Sea is a divergent plate boundary, where it is making new rocks in the Arabian peninsula. -The Red Sea is a divergent plate boundary, where new rocks are being created at the center of the Red Sea as the Arabian peninsula and Africa are pulling apart. -The Red Sea is a transform plate boundary, where large faults are creating new volcanoes to make the Middle East slide past Africa. -The Red Sea is a convergent plate boundary, where the Arabian peninsula is being recycled into the earth at a subduction zone under Africa.

Name the correct order of rifting events. -crustal upwarp, rift valley, linear sea -crustal upwarp, rift valley, linear sea, ocean -ocean, linear sea, rift valley, crustal upwarp -rift valley, linear sea, crustal upwarp, ocean -ocean, linear sea, mountain chain

The Gulf of Aden represents which part of the rifting sequence? -East African Rift -ocean basin -Lake-filled rift valley -mid-ocean ridge -linear sea

The timing of __________ and continental breakup strongly correlate. -crustal upwarp -clastic sediment deposition -mantle upwelling -mid-ocean ridge formation -flood basalt formation

What feature connects the South American Paraná and African Entedeka flood basalts? -seamount chains -linear sea -Atlantic Ocean -Mid-Atlantic Ridge -rift valley

What sequence of rocks would you expect rift valley evolution to produce, from oldest to youngest? -volcanic rocks, deep sea sedimentary rocks, flood basalts -volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks, deep sea sedimentary rocks -deep sea sediments, clastic sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks -clastic sedimentary rocks, deep sea sediments -deep sea sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks

Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt? -two landmasses slide past each other -uplift and erosion of rocks around a sill -volcanic eruptions produce basalt flows -two landmasses collide -two landmasses split apart

Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? (Note: There may be more than one answer.) (Choose all that apply) -normal faults -thrust faults -rift valleys -folds -intrusive igneous rocks

Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building? -gabbro -basalt -schist -sandstone -limestone

Using the map provided in Figure 1, in which province would the Rocky Mountains of the United States be located? (see pic) -young mountain belts -old mountain belts -shields -stable platforms -All of the above are correct.

Which of the following orogenies helped to create the Appalachian Mountains? -Iapetus -Avalonia -Taconic and Acadian -Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian -Alleghanian

Which event marked the creation of the supercontinent Pangaea? -The Appalachian Mountains ceased uplifting and erosion began. -The Iapetus Ocean closed during the Alleghanian Orogeny. -Avalonia accreted onto North American during the Acadian Orogeny. -Africa pulled away from North America, creating the Atlantic Ocean. -The Taconic volcanic island arc accreted onto North American during the Taconic Orogeny.

Which of the Appalachian Mountain Belt Provinces are visible in the circled area of Figure 1? (see pic) -Valley and Ridge -Coastal Plain -Appalachian Plateau -Blue Ridge -Piedmont

Which of the following geographic provinces is the newest addition to the North American continent? -Piedmont -Valley and Ridge -Appalachian Plateau -Blue Ridge -Coastal Plain

Which of the following do all oil traps have in common? -faults -salt columns -anticlines -a reservoir rock with a cap rock above it -structural deformation

A(n) __________ is not associated with structural deformation. -stratigraphic (pinchout) trap -fold -anticline -salt dome -fault trap

Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be trapped by salt diapirs? -The strata must be bent upward in an anticline for hydrocarbons to be trapped. -No cap rocks are necessary because the salt acts as an impermeable seal. -Fracturing has compromised the reservoir ability to hold hydrocarbons. -Reservoir and cap rock units must naturally occur laterally to one another. -The salt must be impermeable.

List the fluids commonly found in traps, from the least to most dense. -water, oil, gas -oil, water, gas -gas, water, oil -gas, oil, water -oil, gas, water

Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be collected by a fault trap? -The reservoir must be in contact with poorly cemented, surficial sediments. -There must be folds associated with the fault. -The fault must be sealed. -The cap rock must be permeable. -The fault must be open to allow fluid flow.

About half of renewable energy is used in __________. -electric power generation -generating petroleum -the transportation sector -the industry sector -powering homes and businesses

Most of the energy used by the industrial and residential/commercial sectors is __________. -natural gas -petroleum -coal -renewables -electric

Nuclear energy is used in what energy sector(s)? -transportation -residential and commercial -industrial and transportation -electric power -electric power and industrial

________ is split nearly evenly among the industrial, residential and commercial, and electric power sectors. -Renewable energy -Coal -Petroleum -Nuclear electric power -Natural gas

Almost _____ of all electric power produced relies on coal as a source of energy. -46% -100% -20% -91% -12%

Which of the following accurately describes oil shale? -An organic-rich, fine-grained, impermeable sedimentary rock containing kerogen. -An organic-rich sedimentary rock containing abundant bitumen. -An organic-rich, fine-grained sedimentary rock that exhibits high permeability. -A fine-grained sedimentary rock that contains little to no organic material. -Naturally occurring, crystalline molecular substances containing water and gas.

Which of the following is required for oil shales to form? -a depositional environment lacking organic activity -well-connected pore spaces -a sandstone reservoir -a cap rock -a sedimentary basin

Why must oil shale be heated to extract hydrocarbons? -Oil shale has low permeability. -Oil shale has high porosity. -Oil shale has high permeability. -The oil becomes more viscous and easy to extract. -Oil shale has low porosity.

Methane clathrates are stable in __________ conditions. -low temperature, high pressure -high temperature, low pressure -low pressure -high temperature -surficial

Which of the following is a drawback to mining oil shale and oil sands? -Land is not disturbed during surface mining processes. -Both are located in deep ocean settings and are difficult to extract. -It is costly and energy-intensive to extract these resources. -These resources are easy to extract and have already been depleted, leading exploration to more remote areas. -Both contain enormous amounts of untapped oil.

Renewable energy makes up approximately how much of the total U.S. energy budget? -36.2% -9.2 quadrillion BTU -82.1 quadrillion BTU -97.5 quadrillion BTU -75%

Choose the answer that contains renewable energy types only. -solar, wind, natural gas, hydropower -hydrothermal, biofuels, solar, coal -wood, petroleum, geothermal, hydropower -solar, biomass, hydropower, oil shale -biomass, hydropower, wind, geothermal

Energy produced by once-living plants represents approximately __________ of the total amount of renewable energy. -75% -40% -5% -25% -50%

Hydropower involves damming water and __________. -using the potential energy to turn turbines -piping it below the crust in order to heat it up -heating it up to produce energy -producing steam, which turns turbines -re-routing it to irrigate crops

The graph shows that the use of __________ is stable, while all other types of renewable energy are __________. -geothermal; decreasing -hydroelectric power; increasing -hydropower; decreasing -biomass; increasing -solar; increasing

________ is the downslope movement of rock, regolith, or soil under the direct influence of gravity.

What non-geologic term is commonly used to describe a sudden event in which large volumes of material move down steep slopes?

What is the angle of repose?

What is the slowest form of mass wasting?

What is the geologic definition of a stream?

How will channel velocity change along the longitudinal profile of a stream?

What is the term for sediment deposited by streams?

What is base level?

________ are flat areas along streams that are created by the deposition of alluvium and is subject to periodic inundation.

The ________ is the point in the subsurface where 100% of the pore spaces are filled with water.

What is permeability?

What is porosity?

________ is a term used to describe how the water table around a well becomes lower as water is taken from the subsurface.

When was the last glacial maximum in North America?

What shape will glacial troughs generally display?

________ is unsorted, unstratified sediment directly deposited by the glacial ice.

Which of the following is not part of the Milankovitch Cycle?

Traditionally, a region is defined as a desert if it receives less than ________ inches of rain per year.

Most dry lands exist between ________ degrees on either side of the Equator.

What term describes the bending of waves?

________ form when waves that approach the beach at an angle and produce a net current direction that is parallel to the shore, resulting in beach drift.

A ________ is a shoreline stabilization feature that protects shorelines from the pounding of waves by creating an area of quiet water behind it.

A fingerlike ridge of sediment that extends out into open water and is produced by longshore drift:

A moraine that marks the maximum extent of a glacier:

Karst topography is characterized by dissolution features such as sinkholes, disappearing streams, and cave systems and commonly forms in regions where there is a significant amount of granite. True or False?

From the difference in arrival time between P and S waves, one can calculate:

Reverse faults are examples of _________________ that result from _______________ stresses.

What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake?

What can first motion studies of seismic waves tell us about an earthquake?

Earthquakes are usually caused by:

Folds are a type of geologic structure associated with ductile deformation due to compressional stress.

Strike refers to the compass direction or azimuth of a horizontal line within a plane.

In structural geology, strain refers to:

The force acting on a surface

A trough-like fold with limbs that dip toward the hinge and younger rocks exposed near the hinge:

You are watching TV with a friend when there is a special bulletin about a city in California being devastated by an earthquake. The news anchor reports that the epicenter of the earthquake is 45 miles east of Los Angeles. How would you explain the definition of the epicenter to your geologically impaired friend?

Which tectonic boundary is responsible for the most powerful and destructive earthquakes recorded?

________ are records of seismic waves.

________ are instruments that sense earthquake waves and transmit them to a recording device.

When going from a 5 to a 6 on the Richter Scale, what is the increase in amplitude of seismic waves?

What is a fault?

A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal.

Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike slip movement are called ________ faults.

________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.

Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?

the seismic body wave that is the first to arrive

the seismic body wave that is the second to arrive

P waves, also called primary waves, are _____ that arrive at distant locations first and have a push-pull type motion.

S waves, also known as secondary waves, are ____ that arrive after P waves and have a side-to-side motion.

The _____ is the surface location directly above the focus.

a seismic surface wave with a side-to-side motion

a seismic surface wave with a rolling motion

_____ (yellow concentric lines) travel slower than body waves and along the surface of the Earth generating two types of waves: Love waves and Rayleigh waves.

a fault with mostly horizontal slip

a fault with a large component of vertical slip