the cluster of brain cells that control the circadian rhythm is the
answer
suprachiasmatic nucleus
question
compared with their counterparts of 80 years ago, teenagers today average___sleep each night
answer
2 hours less
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sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?
answer
stage 2
question
during which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing and genital arousal?
answer
REM sleep
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the sleep cycle is approximately___minutes
answer
90 minutes long
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the effects of chronic sleep deprivations are___
answer
suppression of the immune system, altered metabolic and hormonal functioning, impaired creativity
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one effect of sleeping pills is to
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decrease REM sleep
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cocaine and crack produce a euphoric rush by
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blocking the reuptake of dopamine in brain cells
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which of the following is classified as a depressant?
a. methamphetamine
b.LSD
c. marijuana
d. alcohol
answer
alcohol
question
which of the following preventive measures would have the greatest impact on average life expectancy?
a. eliminating obesity
b. eliminating smoking
c. eliminating sleep deprivation
d. eliminating binge drinking
answer
eliminating smoking
question
which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?
a. people will do anything under hypnosis
b. hypnosis is the same as sleeping
c. hypnosis is in part an extension of the division between conscious awareness and automatic behavior
d. hypnosis improves memory recall
answer
c. hypnosis is in part an extension of the division
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people who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. the fact that they remembered less the next morning provides support for the ___ theory of dreaming.
answer
information processing
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according to freud, dreams are
answer
a symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes
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psychoactive drugs, affect behavior and perception through
answer
alteration of neural activity in the brain
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all of the following are common questions about addiction EXCEPT whether
a. a person almost always needs professional therapy to overcome an addiction
b. psychoactive and medicinal drugs very quickly lead to addiction
c. biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction
d. many other repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors fit the the addiction as disease needing treatment model
answer
c. biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction
question
at its beginning, psychology focused on the study of.
answer
consciousness
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which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?
a. dreams facilitate information processing.
b.dreaming stimulates the developing brain
c. dreams result from random neural activity originating in the brain stem.
d. dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation
answer
d. dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation
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the sleep waking cycles of young people who stay up too late typically are____hours in duration.
answer
twenty five
question
the lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by
answer
c. african-americans
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surface meaning of dreams
answer
manifest content
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deeper meaning of dreams
answer
latent content
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stages of sleep associated with delta waves
answer
stages 3 and 4
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stages of sleep associated with muscular relaxation
answer
REM sleep
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sleep disorder in which breathing stops
answer
sleep apnea
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sleep disorder occurring in stage 4 sleep
answer
night terrors
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depressant
answer
alcohol
question
hallucinogen
answer
marijuana
question
simultaneous unconscious and conscious tracks
answer
dual processing
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disorder in which sleep attacks occur
answer
narcolepsy
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study of how brain activity is linked to mental activity
answer
cognitive neuroscience
question
twilight stage of sleep associated with imagery resembling hallucinations
answer
Stage 1
question
As defined by the text, consciousness includes which of the following?
A) daydreaming
B) sleeping
C) hypnosis
D) all of the above
answer
D) all of the above
question
which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true?
a. adults spend more time than infants in REM sleep
b. REM sleep deprivation results in a REM rebound.
c. people deprived of REM sleep adopt easily.
d. sleeping medications tend to increase REM sleep.
answer
b. Rem sleep deprivation results in a REM rebound.
question
the perceptual error in which we fail to see an object when our attention is direct elsewhere is
answer
inattentional blindness
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alcohol has the most profound effect on
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the transfer of experiences to long term memory
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a person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely
answer
awake and relaxed
question
circadian rhythms are the
answer
regular body cycles that occur on a 24 hr schedule
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a person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed
answer
tolerance
question
which of the following is not an example of biological rhythm?
a. circadian rhythm
b. 90 min sleep cycle
c. the five sleep stages
d. sudden sleep attacks during the day
answer
d sudden sleep attacks during the day
question
which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep
a. genital arousal
b. increased muscular tension
c. night terrors
d. alpha waves
answer
a. genital arousal
question
which of the following is not a stimulant?
a.amphetamines
b.caffeine
c.nicotine.
d.alcohol
answer
d. alcohol, it is a depressant
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hypnotic resonsiveness is
answer
greater when people are led to expect it
question
according to hilgard, hypnosis is
answer
a dissociation between different levels of consciousness
question
which of the following was NOT cited in the text as evidence that heredity influenced alcohol use?
a. children whose parents abuse alcohol have a lower tolerance for multiple alcoholic drinks taken over a short period of times
b. boys who are impulsive and fearless at age 6 are more likely to drink as teenagers
c. lab mice have been selectively bred to prefer alcohol to water
d. adopted children are more susceptible if one or both of their biological parents have a history of alcohol dependence
answer
a. children whose parents abuse alcohol have a lower tolerance for multiple alcoholic drinks taken over a short period of times
question
as a form of therapy for relieving problems such as warts, hypnosis is
answer
no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis
question
which of the following is usually the most powerful determinant of whether teenagers begin using drugs?
a. family strength
b. religiosity
c. school adjustment
d. peer influence
answer
d. peer influence
question
THC is the major active ingredient in
answer
marijuana
question
those who believe that hypnosis is a social phenomenon ague that 'hypnotized' individuals are
answer
merely acting out their role
question
consciousness is defined in the text as
answer
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
question
i am a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy by triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin. what am i?
answer
MDMA
question
according to the activation synthesis theory, dreaming represents
answer
the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity.
question
how a particular psychoactive drug affects a person depends on
answer
the dosage and form in which the drug is taken, the users expectations and personality, the situation in which the drug is taken
question
drug that is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen
answer
ecstasy
question
drugs that increase energy and stimulate neural activity
answer
amphetamines
question
brain wave of awake, relaxed person
answer
alpha
question
brain wave activity during stage 2 of sleep
answer
sleep spindle
question
sleep stage associated with dreaming
answer
REM
question
drugs that reduce anxiety and depress central nervous system activity
answer
barbiturates
question
natural painkillers produced by the brain
answer
endorphin
question
focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
answer
selective attention
question
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
answer
consciousness
question
theory that dreaming reflects our erotic drives
answer
Freud's theory
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a split between different levels of consciousness
answer
disassociation
question
neurotransmitter that LSD resembles
answer
serotonin
question
type of biological rhythm:
answer
Circadian: circa (about) dian (day) daily, from the Latin roots words
question
An example to illustrate major terms related to biological rhythms
answer
Martha McClintock in 1970: menstrual synchrony
Possible reasons: lifestyle, chemical (pheromones - chemical that one organism releases that changes the behavior of another organism)
Results of the sweat study: Yes, odor changes pheromone effect in humans
Other studies on pheromone effects in humans: hanging around males makes women more fertile (pheromones)
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oscillators
answer
Rhythms are maintained by internal clocks
question
entrainment
answer
These clocks can be "reset" by environmental cues
question
zeitgebers
answer
The environmental cues that reset clocks. German for "time giver."
question
What is the major concept about circadian rhythms in humans?
answer
Normal internal day is slightly more than 24 hours long (24+ up to 25 for some people). Thus, it must be reset regularly or our cycle gradually moves forward in time.
The dominant zeitgeber for humans circadian rhythms is light, although there are others (timing of eat, social activity, etc.)
question
Applications of research on human circadian rhythms
answer
Helping students realize that sleepiness and depression can be caused by irregular schedules that prevent their rhythms from being resent. Research has suggested strategies for resetting these rhythms.
Help industries create shift work schedules that are more compatible with these rhythms.
Help look for cures for mental disorders that might be partly circadian rhythms disorders, such as seasonal affective (emotional) disorder (SAD).
Medicine and chronobiology (study of time to take medication)
question
psychoactive drugs
answer
drugs that influence behavior, mood, or consciousness.
question
What is Drug Abuse?
answer
Pattern of pathological use (such as intoxicated all day or inability to decrease use)
Impairment in social or occupational functioning
At least one months' duration
question
What causes Drug Abuse?
answer
Family history (genetics)
Availability (use and age of use)
Context in which you use it
question
psychological dependence
answer
addicted to routine of the drug or role of drug in in life
question
withdrawal
answer
physical reaction when a person stops using a drug
question
addiction
answer
when physiology of the body changes in specific ways. Most drugs that addicts causes tolerance.
question
tolerance
answer
less response to a specific does with repeated use. Cross-tolerance also occurs (tolerance to one substance/drug and automatically tolerant to another drug never taken).
question
stimulant drugs:
answer
caffiene, cocane, and amphetamines
question
caffiene
answer
Activates brain, alerts. At least three mechanisms:
Adenosine is created in the brain and binds onto adenosine receptors. Binding causes drowsiness by slowing down nerve cell activity. Adenosine puts the brakes on your brain.
Caffeine looks like adenosine to your brain; it binds on but without slowing activity.
Also increases dopamine in the brain by blocking reuptake.
Tolerance develops and there is withdrawal after 18 hours, often in users of 5 or more cups per day.
question
caffienism
answer
symptoms of a panic attack
question
The American Psychiatric Association recognizes four caffeine-induced disorders:
