Substance Use And Abuse

The League of Spiritual Discovery used __________ as the sacrament. A. mescaline B. LSD C. peyote D. None of the above

In 2010, approximately what percentage of high school seniors had ever used hallucinogens? A. 5% B. 8% C. 24% D. 32%

Of the following, which cannot cause hallucinations? A. steroids B. cocaine C. amphetamines D. All of these can cause hallucinations.

Substances that initiate psychotic behavior are called __________. A. photogenetic B. psychotomimetic C. psychedelic D. ergotism

Users of LSD can experience which of these stages? A. loss of control B. heightened, exaggerated senses C. self-reflection D. All of the above

led __________. A. "do-over" B. "flashback" C. "repeat" D. "flasher"

Which of the following best describes the synesthesia caused by hallucinogens? A. a diminished sense of reality B. a sense of being lost and threatened by the experience C. "flashbacks" D. a crossover of the senses

Select the incorrect statement concerning the effects of hallucinogens like LSD. A. They can cause vivid and unusual visual and auditory effects. B. The user is usually able to control the psychedelic experience. C. The user can experience a sense of cosmic merging. D. A sense of lost identity caused by using a hallucinogen can be very disturbing to some users.

Hallucinogens most likely exert their effects by altering which of the following transmitter systems? A. serotonin B. dopamine C. noradrenalin D. epinephrine

Which of the following hallucinogens is not considered to be an LSD-type? A. peyote B. MDMA C. psilocybin D. DMT

Select the incorrect statement. A. LSD is classified as a phenylethylamine type of hallucinogen. B. MDMA has both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. C. High doses of anticholinergic drugs can cause hallucinogenic effects. D. Hallucinogens can cause the user to become aware of thoughts and feelings that had been forgotten or repressed.

In 2010, approximately what percentage of high school seniors sampled had used LSD sometime during their life? A. 4% B. 8% C. 15% D. 20%

LSD can be purchased in which of the following forms? A. tablets B. capsules C. blotter paper D. All of these forms can be purchased.

When LSD is taken orally, what percentage of the total dose reaches the brain? A. 1% B. 25% C. 75% D. 100%

Which of the following is least likely to be caused by LSD? A. decreased sympathetic activity B. a flood of sensations C. increased salivation D. increased body temperature

Select the incorrect statement. A. LSD is usually taken by mouth. B. LSD is sometimes administered by squares of blotter paper. C. Large doses of LSD are required to have an effect. D. LSD administration activates the sympathetic nervous system.

Which of the following is not considered to be a type of LSD-related flashback? A. the body trip B. the bad mind trip C. the sanity trip D. altered visual perception

elect the incorrect statement concerning the flashback caused by hallucinogens. A. Sensations caused by previous hallucinogen use return. B. The experience is always unpleasant and terrifying. C. It can consist of altered visual perception including seeing dots, flashes, and trails of light. D. They can continue to occur for years after hallucinogen use.

Which of the following hallucinogenic substances is found in the peyote cactus? A. LSD B. DMT C. mescaline D. psilocybin

The definition of mydriasis is __________. A. physiological defect B. intensified perception C. spiritual experience D. pupil dilation

Which of the following is most likely to contain psilocybin? A. dried mushrooms B. nutmeg C. rotted rye D. seeds

Which of the following spices can be a hallucinogen? A. cinnamon B. mustard C. nutmeg D. garlic

Which of the following is referred to as the "love drug"? A. MDMA B. MDA C. LSD D. mescaline

Select the correct statement concerning the "designer amphetamines." A. Use of MDA dulls the sense of touch. B. MDA use typically causes LSD-like visual and auditory hallucinations. C. Compared to MDA, MDMA has more psychedelic and less stimulant activity. D. MDA is also known as "Ecstasy."

Select the incorrect statement concerning anticholinergic hallucinogens. A. In ancient societies, these drugs were used as poisons for assassinations. B. These drugs are found in many plants that belong to the potato family. C. These drugs tend to stimulate salivation. D. They work by blocking the activity of the acetylcholine receptor.

Select the incorrect statement. A. Atropine is found in the deadly nightshade plant. B. Anticholinergic drugs can cause drowsiness and sedation. C. The mandrake plant contains anticholinergic drugs. D. Jimsonweed is commonly abused by teenagers in this country.

Which of the following is least likely to be caused by phencyclidine? A. general anesthesia B. delirium and psychotic behavior C. generalized numbness at low doses D. reduced activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Select the incorrect statement concerning PCP. A. It is frequently sold as, or substituted for, LSD. B. PCP usually causes pleasant and mellow effects. C. PCP can give the user a sense of strength, power, and invulnerability. D. It can cause perceptual distortions resulting in serious accidents.

Drugs with similar structures are called __________. A. analogs B. replicas C. catatonias D. volatiles

Which of the following statements concerning PCP toxicity is incorrect? A. Diagnosis of a PCP toxicity is frequently missed because the symptoms closely resemble an acute schizophrenic episode. B. There are specific antagonists available to treat acute overdoses of PCP. C. Valium is often used to sedate the agitation caused by PCP. D. Long-term use can cause vague cravings after cessation of PCP use.

Which of the following drugs is most like PCP? A. ketamine B. LSD C. peyote D. MDMA

True or false? PCP was originally developed as a general anesthetic.

True or false? Hallucinogen abuse has been a major social problem in the United States for the past 100 years.

True or false? Timothy Leary was an early opponent of the use of LSD and other hallucinogens.

True or false? Use of hallucinogens is primarily a young adult phenomenon.

True or false? Hallucinogens affect perception, thought, and feeling.

True or false? Hallucinogens tend to diminish sensory experiences.

True or false? Some psychiatrists have used hallucinogens on their patients during psychoanalysis.

True or false? The environment may play a role in determining a user's response to hallucinogens.

True or false? Hallucinogens can cause effects that are perceived as being an exhilarating spiritual experience.

True or false? The sense of cosmic merging caused by hallucinogens can relate to mystic experiences.

True or false? The ergot fungus produces an anticholinergic type of hallucinogen.

True or false? LSD almost always causes psychotic behavior that is identical to schizophrenia.

True or false? The use of LSD has stayed about the same since the 1960s.

rue or false? LSD has a simple chemistry that can be easily synthesized.

True or false? In its purest form, LSD is colorless, odorless and tasteless.

True or false? There are no significant withdrawal symptoms when using LSD.

True or false? With the use of LSD, a person can and usually does become physically dependent.

True or false? Psychological dependency on LSD can occur.

True or false? There is no "typical" pattern of response to LSD.

True or false? Tolerance to LSD does not usually occur.

True or false? Many LSD users find their sense of time distorted

True or false? LSD alters perception such that any sensation can be perceived in the extreme.

True or false? Flashbacks can usually be controlled by the drug user and only occur when desired.

True or false? LSD has not been proven to cause substantial damage to chromosomes when used by men.

True or false? LSD has not been shown to have carcinogenic or mutagenic effects on humans.

True or false? Most mescaline purchased on the streets in big cities is relatively pure.

True or false? Psilocybin was first used by the early natives of Central America more than 2000 years ago.

True or false? Authentic mescaline is rarely sold in the streets.

True or false? High doses of nutmeg can cause a hallucinogenic effect.

True or false? PCP is currently used on humans as a general anesthetic.

True or false? PCP can cause general anesthesia.

True or false? PCP cannot be easily synthesized in illicit laboratories.

True or false? PCP is currently classified as a Schedule II drug.

True or false? PCP often is sold for other hallucinogenic drugs.

True or false? Intense use of PCP can cause severe psychotic and often violent behavior.

True or false? PCP is sometimes used to treat hospitalized schizophrenic patients.

True or false? Marijuana can aggravate an underlying mental illness such as depression

True or false? Access to the hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum has been promoted through the Internet.

In Ganja in Jamaica, authors Rubin and Comitas found that in contrast to popular beliefs about marijuana users in the United States, Jamaican users who constantly used marijuana were __________. A. suffering from extensive amounts of amotivational syndrome B. involved in deviant and criminal activity C. extremely diligent and hard working D. unreliable and very unproductive

Hemp refers to __________. A. the seeds and the flowers of the marijuana plant B. the name given to marijuana by the Spaniards C. the woody fibers of the stem that can be used to produce cloth or rope D. None of the above

The first known record of marijuana use, in the Chinese Book of Drugs, refers to the __________ use of marijuana. A. medical B. recreational C. spiritual D. problematic

During the late 1930s, marijuana was misperceived by the scientific and medical communities as inducing __________. A. acts of sexual excitement and violence B. amotivational behavior C. permanent mental illness D. severe medical problems

The Marijuana Tax Act classified marijuana incorrectly as a(n) __________. A. hallucinogen B. narcotic C. stimulant D. barbiturate

During World War II, marijuana in America was __________. A. considered by U.S. government for certain medical problems B. widely used by soldiers returning from war as a form of relief C. subsidized by the government to make rope D. None of the above

Having used an illicit substance during the past month is defined a __________. A. recreational drug use B. light drug use C. heavy drug use D. current drug use

According to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, the age cohort reporting the highest lifetime use of marijuana was __________ years of age. A. 12-17 B. 18-25 C. 26-34 D. 35+

Research indicates that if one's peer group does not use drugs, it is likely that other individuals in the peer group will __________. A. not use drugs B. experiment with drug use largely in secret C. try to convince several close peer members to use drugs D. move to more addictive types of drugs, such as cocaine and/or psychedelic types of drugs

Age, gender, family background, and religion fall under what category of influential factors? A. social B. setting C. structural D. attitudinal

In addition to peer influences on drug use, what other factor(s) must be taken into account to assess what could be responsible for drug use? A. structural factors B. social and interactional factors C. attitudinal factors D. All of the above

Community and neighborhood fall under what category of influential factors? A. social B. setting C. structural D. attitudinal

Drugs that often lead to the use of other more serious drugs are known as __________ drugs. A. stepping stone B. direct access C. elastic vs. inelastic D. gateway

Which drug would most likely be classified as a major gateway drug? A. alcohol B. LSD C. crack D. ecstasy

__________ refers to the process of leaving drug using groups and behaviors behind as one grows older and takes on more socially acceptable responsibilities. A. Age leapfrogging B. Social referencing C. Drug habituation D. Maturing out

When asked about peer drug use, college students' perceptions are often the most __________. A. accurate B. overestimated C. underestimated D. uncertain

__________ is the botanical or scientific term for the hemp plant that is most readily found in North America. A. Ganja B. Cannabis sativa C. Sinsemilla D. Cannabis indica

In referring to cannabis, the term dioecious means that __________. A. marijuana is really a member of the weed family B. the plant survives in both warmer and cooler climates C. there are both male and female plants D. each plant possesses both male and female parts

A type of marijuana that literally means "without seeds" is known as __________. A. ganja B. loco weed C. strabacca weed D. sinsemilla

__________ contains the purest form of resin that can have THC levels as high as 28%. A. Magic Lights B. Hydro C. Hashish D. Ganja

The medical use of marijuana depends on the chemical __________ for relief from the symptoms of illness. A. takabotum B. lithic tar C. THC D. cannabis

The medical use of marijuana has proven useful in treating all of the following except _______________. A. muscle spasms B. glaucoma C. depression D. narcolepsy (a sleep disorder) E. All of the above

Cannabis has which of the following medical properties? A. antiasthmatic properties B. antiseizure properties C. antidepressant properties D. All of the above

The precise CNS effects of consuming marijuana or administering THC can vary according to the __________. A. expectations of the user B. social setting C. route of administration D. All of the above

Smoking a marijuana cigarette can __________. A. alter mood and self-perception B. affect coordination and memory C. lower blood pressure D. Only A and B

High doses of THC or greater exposure to marijuana can cause __________. A. hallucinations B. delusions C. paranoia D. All of the above

One of the major costs of marijuana usage is damage to __________. A. lungs B. hearing C. motor coordination D. muscular development

True or false? As far back as 2737 BC, the Chinese were using marijuana to treat gout, malaria, and gas pains.

True or false? Marijuana has always been illegal in the United States because the British colonized the United States.

True or false? In 2008, marijuana was used by 75.7% of current (within 30 days of survey taken) illicit drug users.

True or false? In 2008, out of 20.1 million current drug users, 57.3% reported the use of marijuana only.

True or false? According to sociologists, genetic factors have more of an influence in determining marijuana use than peer factors.

True or false? Gateway theory believes that initial use of more benign drugs leads to the use of more addictive drugs.

True or false? Marijuana contains over 421 different chemicals and most have been identified as producing its euphoric effects.

True or false? Tetrahydrocannabinal (THC) is the main agent in cannabis responsible for producing mind-altering (psychoactive) effects.

True or false? The highest concentration of THC is found in the stems and seeds

True or false? Hydroponic marijuana is grown in water.

True or false? Some research indicates that today's marijuana is much more potent (20 times more potent) than the street marijuana of the 1960s.

True or false? Hashish, the sticky resin from the female plant, contains THC levels that range from 7.03% to 12.14%.

True or false? During the "high," most marijuana users experience dry mouth, elevated heart beat, and an alteration of space and time, which is usually not as intense as with other drugs.

True or false? The marijuana high usually lasts between 8 to 12 hours and often causes vivid hallucinations.

True or false? The subjective euphoric effects of marijuana refers to the ongoing social and psychological experiences incurred while intoxicated by marijuana.

True or false? Differential association refers to how individuals are socialized into the perceptions of a group.

True or false? Marinol is a substitute for THC that produces very similar effects as smoking marijuana.

True or false? Though marijuana is a major drug that is used and abused, it is not addictive.

True or false? THC is fat-soluble and can therefore remain in the human body up to 30 days

True or false? Complete elimination of a single dose (of marijuana) can take up to two months

True or false? THC can reach the brain within 14 seconds when inhaled

True or false? Marijuana is metabolized more efficiently through smoking than via intravenous injection or oral ingestion.

True or false? Smoking marijuana is less harmful to the lungs than cigarettes.

True or false? When marijuana stimulates appetite, users term this the "munchies.

True or false? THC and other cannabinoids in marijuana do not pass through the blood-placenta barrier and concentrate in the fetus's (baby's) fatty tissue, including its brain.

rue or false? Women who smoke marijuana during pregnancy also often use other drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine.

True or false? Heavy and chronic use of marijuana can very easily compromise cognitive functions, such as short-term memory, concentration, and moderately "taxing" problem-solving abilities.

True or false? Often, the more serious costs in using marijuana are that the individual acquires a poor record of development, learning, and advancement in educational settings

A chemical is classified as being volatile if it is __________. A. highly fat-soluble B. highly water-soluble C. readily evaporated at room temperature D. a solid at room temperature

Approximately what percentage of U.S. 8th graders have abused inhalants at least once in their lifetime? A. 5% B. 15% C. 50% D. 75%

Select the incorrect statement regarding "sudden sniffing death syndrome." A. It is characterized by arrythmias. B. It can occur even in a first-time inhalant abuser. C. It is can be mistaken for death by suicide. D. It only occurs after stimulant inhalation.

Select the reason inhalants are most likely abused. A. They are easy to synthesize. B. They are not likely to cause toxic side effects. C. They produce a long lasting "high" that makes them highly addictive. D. They are readily available.

Select the incorrect statement. A. Acute effects of volatile chemical abuse can include nausea. B. Chronic users of inhalants often have increased appetites. C. Nitrites can be used clinically to treat angina. D. Nitrites cause vasodilation.

Which of the following has been used to treat angina? A. Nitrous oxide B. Amyl nitrite C. Benzene D. Triorthocresyl phosphate (TCP)

Which of the following is commonly referred to as "laughing gas?" A. Amyl nitrite B. Toluene C. Nitrous oxide D. Benzene

Select the incorrect statement regarding nitrites. A. Nitrite abuse is rare among adolescents. B. Nitrites are abused by only a few, selective groups. C. Nitrites have been available OTC in the past. D. Nitrites cause vasoconstriction and therefore causes angina.

Which of the following is (are) a side effect(s) associated with inhalant abuse? A. Nausea B. Slurred speech C. Nosebleeds D. All of the above

Select the incorrect statement regarding inhalant abuse. A. Inhalants cause euphorigenic effects. B. Inhalants are abused less frequently by 8th graders than cocaine. C. Inhalant death can be mistaken for death by suicide. D. Inhalants are abused more frequently by 8th graders than amphetamines.

Which of the following is not an inhalant? A. nitrous oxide B. morphine C. propane D. gasoline

Which of the following is a refrigerant that can cause freeze injury upon inhalation? A. butane B. propane C. freon D. toluene

True or false? Inhalants are used more commonly among 8th graders than are amphetamines or cocaine.

True or false? The term "volatile" refers to being readily evaporated at high temperatures.

True or false? Inhalant abuse is a harmless "phase" that occurs commonly during normal teenage development and as such is not worthy of significant concern.

True or false? Inhalants tend to be fat-soluble and therefore readily retained in lipid-rich vital organs.

True or false? Euphorigenic refers to having the ability to cause feelings of depression.

True or false? Nitrous oxide was first discovered by a French psychiatrist who was attempting to develop a sedative agent to treat schizophrenic patients.

True or false? Volatile inhalants can exist as liquids that vaporize at room temperatures.

True or false? "Huffing" is a practice of inhaling volatile solvents from old rags soaked in the solvent fluid and held in the mouth.

True or false? Aerosols can cause respiratory injury through exposure to surprisingly high concentrations.

True or false? Because toluene is highly water-soluble and has a high molecular weight, it is rapidly absorbed into the liver.

True or false? Chronic toluene abuse can cause liver damage.

True or false? Freon administration can cause respiratory damage as a result of sudden cooling of the respiratory tract.

True or false? Young women are several times more likely to abuse inhalants than young men.

Approximately how much money is spent on OTC medications in the United States each year? A. $2 billion B. $6 billion C. $10 billion D. $18 billion

Approximately how many OTC drug products are available in the United States? A. 50,000 B. 100,000 C. 300,000 D. 1,000,000

Which of the following is not required by the FDA to be included on OTC drug labels? A. approved uses B. classification of active ingredients (i.e., category I, II, or III) C. instructions for safe and effective use D. cautions and warnings

Which of the following is the most commonly used type of OTC medication in the United States? A. cold medicines B. antihistamines C. antacids D. pain relievers (analgesics)

Which of the following OTC analgesics has the fewest anti-inflammatory effects? A. aspirin B. acetaminophen C. salicylate D. ibuprofen

Which of the following pains is least likely to be relieved by OTC analgesics? A. headache B. muscleache C. toothache D. stomach cramps

Which of the following drugs are classified as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? A. salicylates B. sympathomimetics C. antihistamines D. decongestants

Which of the following best describes "antipyretics"? A. drugs that relieve inflammation B. drugs that relieve pain C. drugs that cause nausea D. drugs that reduce fevers

Which of the following is a side effect of acetaminophen? A. Reye's syndrome in children B. stomach irritation C. interference with blood clotting D. None of the above

Approximately how much caffeine (in terms of quantity in a cup of coffee) is included in a tablet of OTC combination analgesics such as Anacin and Excedrin? A. one-tenth B. one-fourth to one-half C. one D. two

What percent of the population uses cold medicines each year? A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%

Common OTC allergy and cold products contain which of the following ingredients? A. sympathomimetics B. analgesics C. antihistamines D. All of the above

How do sympathomimetics relieve nasal congestion associated with colds and allergies? A. They cause vasoconstriction. B. They cause vasodilation. C. They stimulate deeper breathing. D. They relax muscles in the air passages.

Select the incorrect statement. A. Antitussives should be used to treat productive coughs. B. Codeine is classified as an antitussive. C. Expectorants stimulate mucus production and decrease its viscosity. D. Hard candy often can reduce minor coughing.

Which of the following drugs are commonly used in OTC sleep aids? A. antitussives B. antihistamines C. sympathomimetics D. caffeine

Which of the following drugs is a hormone used to cause sleep? A. caffeine B. melatonin C. ephedrine D. codeine

Which of the following is the most frequently used OTC medication for gastrointestinal disorders? A. laxative B. antacid C. antidiarrhea drug D. antinausea medication

Which of the following have been used as "anorexiants" in OTC diet aids? A. antihistamines B. analgesics C. sympathomimetics D. antitussives

OTC drugs that cause the keratin layer of the skin to peel away are used for which of the following purposes? A. to increase the softness of the skin B. to treat acne C. to remove skin blemishes D. to remove body hair

Which of the following medical problems are caused by exposure to UV rays? A. premature aging of the skin B. deadly melanomas C. squamous cell carcinomas D. All of the above

What does the "SPF" number on OTC sunscreen products indicate? A. It is an indication of the toxicity of the product. B. It is the FDA's stamp of approval for the product. C. It indicates the amount of protection against UVA rays. D. It indicates the amount of protection against UVB rays.

Select the incorrect statement concerning herbal products. A. They are regulated like other OTC drugs. B. The response to these products is quite variable. C. Regulations prevent manufacturers from using terms such as diagnose, treat, prevent, or cure. D. One concern with herbal products is the possibility of interaction with other OTC and prescription medications.

Which of the following is not a criterion for a drug to be restricted by prescription? A. intended to treat self-limiting diseases B. can cause addiction C. to be used for diseases requiring the supervision of a health professional D. new and without an established safe track record

Which of the following health professionals do not have any prescription-writing privileges? A. dentists B. physician assistants C. chiropractors D. pharmacists

Which of the following best describes the legislative act called OBRA '90? A. laws regulating the quality of prescription drugs B. laws giving pharmacists the right to prescribe drugs C. laws requiring pharmacists to give patients necessary information on proper prescription drug use D. laws restricting the access of pharmacists to prescription drugs that are especially addicting

Why are generic drugs usually less expensive than their proprietary counterparts? A. They are a lesser quality. B. The generic company did not invest in the discovery and development of the drug. C. The generic companies are usually more efficiently operated. D. Generic drugs usually contain smaller quantities of the expensive ingredients.

Antibiotics are most effective in the treatment of infections caused by which of the following microorganisms? A. viruses B. fungi C. protozoa D. bacteria

Severe depression afflicts what percent of the population at any one time? A. 1-2% B. 6-7% C. 10-12% D. 15-20%

Of the following, which is most likely to be a major cause of endogenous major depression? A. neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain B. malnutrition C. no known underlying cause D. personality defect

Select the incorrect statement concerning diabetes. A. Type II diabetes only occurs during adulthood. B. Type I diabetics are treated with insulin injections. C. Insulin medication is classified according to its duration of action. D. Type II diabetics are often treated with oral hypoglycemics.

Which of the following best describes the antiulcer effects of drugs like Tagamet and Zantac? A. They neutralize gastric acidity. B. They cause relaxation and relieve stress. C. They have antibiotic activity. D. They block gastric secretions.

Bronchodilators are used for which of the following therapeutic purposes? A. to relieve congestion associated with the common cold B. to increase heart efficiency C. to increase urine formation D. to relieve asthma attacks

Which of the following drugs are most likely to be used to treat hypertension? A. diuretics and vasodilators B. cardiostimulators and vasoconstrictors C. bronchodilators and antiarrhythmics D. bronchoconstrictors and antianginals

True or false? Drug costs approach 15% of overall health spending in the United States.

True or false? Approximately 1.3 million Americans are killed or injured by errors in prescribing or taking prescription or OTC medications.

True or false? Approximately $18 billion is currently spent annually on OTC medications in the United States.

True or false? Approximately 300,000 drug products are available OTC in the United States.

True or false? Part of the rationale for switching prescription drugs to OTC status by the FDA is to save the public money.

True or false? The nicotine patch is a drug product that was switched from prescription to OTC status.

True or false? It is likely that the FDA will switch drugs from prescription to OTC status at a much higher rate during the next few years.

True or false? Excessive use of some OTC drugs can cause dependence.

True or false? Pharmacists are a good source for information concerning OTC drug products.

True or false? Cough suppressants are the most commonly used OTC medications.

True or false? OTC analgesics are most effective in the treatment of pain associated with internal organs.

True or false? It requires a lower dose of ibuprofen to relieve the inflammation of arthritis than to relieve a muscleache.

True or false? Acetaminophen has antipyretic effects.

True or false? Acetaminophen should not be used by children because it causes Reye's syndrome.

True or false? Caffeine is able to help relieve some types of pain.

True or false? Some OTC analgesics contain the caffeine equivalent of one-fourth to one-half cup of coffee per tablet.

True or false? Children of 1 to 5 years of age are the most susceptible to colds.

True or false? Sympathomimetics are frequently used as decongestants in OTC cold medications.

True or false? Excessive use of topical decongestants can cause congestion rebound.

True or false? OTC sleep aids are often very effective in the treatment of chronic insomnia.

True or false? OTC stimulants can cause headaches, breathing problems, and rapid heartbeat when used in high doses.

True or false? OTC stimulant products frequently contain caffeine.

True or false? Over $1 billion is spent on antacid products each year

True or false? Usually, excessive gastric acidity can be successfully treated with OTC antacids.

True or false? Antihistamines are the active anorexiants used in OTC diet aids.

True or false? About 1 million cases of skin cancer in the United States each year are caused by exposure to UV rays.

True or false? Exposure to the sun's UV rays helps to delay premature aging of the skin.

True or false? People with a fair skin complexion should use sunscreens with lower SPF numbers for adequate skin protection.

True or false? There is little or no federal regulation for most herbal remedies.

True or false? Dentists are allowed to write prescriptions for drugs.

True or false? A generic drug is usually not as effective as its proprietary counterpart

True or false? Narcotic analgesics are often combined with aspirin or acetaminophen for better pain-relieving actions.

True or false? The prescription NSAIDS are like ibuprofen in their pharmacological action.

True or false? Antibiotics effective against many species of bacteria are classified as narrow-spectrum drugs.

True or false? Antibiotics that kill bacteria are classified as bacteriostatic.

True or false? Prozac has been found to be much more dangerous for most depressed patients than other antidepressant medications.

True or false? Approximately 20 million people in the United States have some form of diabetes mellitus.

True or false? Cardiovascular disease is the number one leading cause of death in the United States.

True or false? Approximately 20% of the top selling 30 prescription drugs are for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

True or false? Angina pectoris is caused by an excessive flow of blood to the heart.

True or false? Niacin is sometimes used to lower cholesterol.

True or false? Drugs that cure AIDS are now available.

A(n) __________ is defined as a subgroup within a population whose members share similar values and patterns of related behaviors that differ from the larger population. A. cult B. subculture C. counterculture D. out group

Viewing a group and its members as an observer or looking at a group from a distance is the definition for the term __________. A. insider B. outsider C. in-outsider D. expression

Internal subcultural forces, or those forces that affect group members, including __________. A. shared attitudes B. a preoccupation with being caught using or acting high in public C. a common secrecy about drug use D. Only A and C E. All of the above

Doping refers to the action of using drugs to __________. A. relieve stress-related problems B. deal with existing medical conditions C. enhance performance or athletic ability D. experience a "high" while competing in athletic events

Drugs that are considered ergogenic are those which __________. A. have effects on one's biology B. increase one's energy C. enhance athletic performance D. enhance one's ability to remember

The greatest reason given for nonmedical steroid use by college students is to __________. A. improve weight loss B. increase strength C. improve appearance D. follow along peer pressure to use this drug

__________ are male hormones produced in the testes that are responsible for secondary sexual characteristics. A. Testosterones B. Androgens C. Thyroid hormones D. None of the above

A first offense regarding dealing (trafficking) anabolic steroids carries a sentence of __________. A. 1 year in prison and a $1000 fine B. 5 years in prison and a $250,000 fine C. 10 years in prison and a $500,000 fine D. 30 years in prison and a $800,000 fine

Individuals in what sport reported the highest rate of steroid abuse? A. wrestling B. soccer C. hockey D. football

Usage rates for anabolic steroids were approximately __________ in NCAA Division I athletes and __________ to __________ in professional athletes. A. 14%; 30%; 75% B. 25%; 38%; 55% C. 40%; 55%; 70% D. None of the above

Athletes' motivation, the level of competition, the type of sport, and the ________ are the key factors in determining the probability of using anabolic steroids. A. price of this drug B. age of the athlete C. expectations of the fans D. pressure for winning

Self-administered doses of steroids are usually __________ to __________ times stronger than any prescription doses. A. 5; 10 B. 10; 200 C. 100; 300 D. 250; 300

The use of different steroids in single doses but in sequence is referred to as __________. A. stacking B. cycling C. pyramiding D. None of the above

A likely danger from long-term use of steroids includes __________. A. life-threatening leukemia B. extremely dry skin leading to a severe skin condition known as shingles C. liver diseases such as jaundice and cancerous tumors D. stomach cancer

Illicit steroids are usually __________. A. smuggled from abroad B. produced in the United States legally and then diverted to illegal channels C. produced illegally in the United States in hidden (clandestine) laboratories D. All of the above

__________ doping refers to an athlete's attempt to increase their number of red blood cells by reinfusing some of their own blood (which has been stored) before an athletic event. A. Dark B. Red C. Blood D. None of the above

It is believed that __________ of women today are engaged in drug use. A. 5% B. 10% C. 25% D. 30%

What factor is attributed to why women today find smoking attractive? A. Women believe it is a status symbol. B. Women believe it helps reduce weight. C. Women believe it helps reduce stress. D. Both B and C

Approximately __________ of women in drug abuse treatment report histories of physical and sexual abuse, with victimization beginning before 11 years of age and occurring repeatedly. A. 10% B. 30% C. 40% D. 70%

What percentage of the smoking female population is pregnant? A. 15% B. 20% C. 35% D. 2%

As a rule, women are less likely than men to develop severe alcohol dependence; thus, only __________ of all male and female alcoholics in the United States are female. A. 10% B. 25% C. 35% D. 40%

Alcohol usually becomes problematic when it is no longer used occasionally to enhance social events but used __________ to deal with personal problems. A. intermittently B. daily C. weekly D. only on weekends

One research study found that the most effective drug treatment for women included a mutually supportive therapeutic environment that addressed __________. A. psychopathology B. a woman's role as mother C. the need for parental education D. All of the above

__________ changes represent the belief that biological forces (largely genes) have a direct influence on the root causes of social psychological behavior. A. Biophysical B. Sociobiological C. Social psychological D. None of the above

The key factor influencing drug use among adolescents is __________. A. wealth B. home life C. peer drug use D. poverty

An alcoholic adolescent usually has at least one parent that is __________. A. nonconsuming and condemning B. overly demanding C. overly protective D. All of the above

Adolescents are more likely to develop drug problems if other members of the family __________. A. are excessive in their drug (legal or illegal) consumption B. approve of the use of illicit drugs C. use drugs as a problem-solving strategy D. All of the above

Compared with adults who abuse drugs, adolescents are more likely to __________. A. be involved in criminal activity B. be associated with a dysfunctional family C. have begun using out of curiosity or peer pressure D. All of the above

White males between __________ are most likely to commit suicide in the United States. A. 12 to 16 B. 14 to 20 C. 21 to 25 D. 24 to 30

Adolescents who attempt suicide are more than likely to __________. A. have disciplinary problems B. be risk takers C. have a perfectionist attitude D. Both A and C

Adolescent alcoholics have a suicide rate __________ times higher than the national average. A. 10 B. 22 C. 34 D. 58

Children often join gangs because of __________. A. poverty B. a desire to challenge neighborhood values and norms C. low self-esteem D. All of the above

__________ refers to members of the same gang. A. Posse B. Intragang C. Intergang D. None of the above

Gang membership is usually defined in terms of __________. A. socio-economic status B. race and ethnic terms C. similar background experiences D. All of the above

Drug prevention at the __________ level refers to casual or occasional drug dependence. A. primary prevention B. secondary prevention C. tertiary prevention D. rehabilitation

In a survey of 776 college students both male and female, the reason given most for using drugs and alcohol was to __________. A. relieve school stress B. just do it for fun C. ease social interactions D. All of the above

The most popular substance used by undergraduates is __________. A. alcohol B. marijuana C. tobacco D. LSD

Nearly 80% of "bingers" (binge drinkers) often live in/at __________. A. dorms B. home C. off-campus housing D. a fraternity or sorority house

Which of the following categories has the highest amount of binge drinkers? A. white males B. white females C. black males D. black females

Young adults ages 18 to 25 are most likely to binge or drink heavily; __________ of the drinkers in this age group binge and approximately __________ in four are heavy drinkers. A. 54%; one B. 43%; three C. 83%; one D. None of the above

The best predictor of drug use for the first year of college is __________. A. family background B. the peer group throughout high school C. drug use during the senior year of high school D. no such predictor exists

The two most popular (sought after) illicit-type recreational drugs in college are __________. A. cocaine and MDMA B. marijuana and cocaine C. LSD and psilocybin mushrooms D. marijuana and psilocybin mushrooms

__________ is known as the "date rape" drug. A. PCP B. Ketamine C. Rohypnol D. Ecstasy

Full-blown AIDS can take __________ years to show up after the initial infection. A. 1 to 2 B. 5 to 10 C. 10 to 12 D. 15 to 30

In which of the following ways can someone not be infected with HIV? A. blood B. semen C. vaginal fluid D. saliva

True or false? Having an insider's perspective of a subculture means that the group is viewed from the outside just as an onlooker would view the subculture from the outside.

True or false? Athletes are more likely than the general population to engage in drug use of all types, mainly because the "rugged" image encourages risk-taking behavior.

True or false? Studies have shown that athletes are less likely than nonathletes to use drugs of abuse such as marijuana, alcohol, barbiturates, cocaine, and hallucinogens.

True or false? Anabolic steroids are more often used by nonathletes than athletes.

True or false? Currently, it is estimated there are 4 million Americans using anabolic steroids in order to gain a competitive edge.

True or false? Approximately 14% of NCAA Division I athletes use some kind of drug to increase competitive performance.

True or false? Pyramiding refers to developing a tolerance to the effects of anabolic steroids; as use increases the effect decreases.

True or false? Array is defined as the use of other drugs while taking anabolic steroids to avoid possible side effects.

54. True or false? Steroids have many negative side effects; one is an intensified emotional state resulting in explosive physical aggressiveness.

True or false? Undetectable drugs are 90% of the estimated doping cases.

True or false? Anabolic steroids are less likely to benefit athletes involved in sports requiring dexterity and agility, such as baseball and tennis.

True or false? Steroid withdrawal symptoms include, excessive energy (when awake), increased appetite, increased sex drive, and strong need for sleep that often consumes 12 hours of a person's day.

True or false? The ATLAS program was designed for anabolic abuse prevention and education; its goal is to empower students to make the right decision.

True or false? Women are expressing less concern about drug use than men.

True or false? Overall, females consume more drugs than men do when tobacco and OTC/prescription drugs are included.

True or false? Drug use is increasing more rapidly among women than it is in men.

True or false? Because of the maternal and supportive roles women have in society, they are fearful of condemnation for abusing drugs, which causes women to not seek therapy.

True or false? There is a high amount of drug dependence in women who have been victims of sexual and physical abuse.

True or false? Men are twice as likely as women to get lung cancer when smoking the same amount of cigarettes over the same period.

True or false? Drug abuse patterns can influence the outcome of a pregnancy even before a women becomes pregnant.

True or false? Women comprise 50% of all alcoholics in America.

True or false? Sociological factors that damage the self-image of the adolescent can often encourage drug use.

True or false? Adolescent patterns of drug abuse almost exactly mirror adult patterns of drug abuse.

True or false? Twenty to 36% of suicide victims either have a history of alcohol abuse or were drinking shortly before their suicide.

True or false? Families that express love, show tolerance regarding individual differences, and encourage development of self-confidence are least likely to have suicidal members.

True or false? Alcohol is closely related to almost every type of sexual abuse in which adolescents are victimized.

True or false? A stable home life ensures that adolescents will not be involved in gang activity.

True or false? Successful therapy requires improving the environment of the drug-using adolescent.

True or false? All drugs used by adolescents require intervention, before casual use becomes drug abuse/addiction.

True or false? A negative correlation exists between alcohol use and grades in college, and, as a result, as alcohol consumption increases, grades in college decrease.

True or false? Nearly 3 million college students are injured under the influence of alcohol.

True or false? Clenbuterol, Erythropoietin, and HGF are classified as club drugs.

Select the incorrect statement. A. People who are addicted come from all walks of life. B. Many people suffer from occupational problems that can make their addictions difficult to treat. C. The severity of addictions varies widely. D. One-time, short-term treatment is often adequate to treat drug addiction.

The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) focuses on which of the following? A. Employment and support B. Legal status C. Medical status D. All of the above

Research indicates that for most patients, the threshold amount of time needed for significant improvement resulting from a treatment program is greater than __________. A. 24-48 hours B. 1 week C. 3 months D. 1 year

When was Alcoholic Anonymous founded? A. mid-1900s B. mid-1930s C. mid-1960s D. mid-1980s

__________ are not open to viewers and are for alcoholics having a serious desire to completely stop drinking. A. Closed meetings B. Intimate meetings C. Open meetings D. Group meetings

he Minnesota model was developed during the __________. A. 1950s B. 1970s C. 1900s D. last 10 years

Medical detoxification __________. A. can be a medical necessity B. is a precursor to treatment C. does not typically produce lasting behavioral changes D. All of the above

ividual and use the program's entire community as important treatment components. A. Therapeutic communities B. Medical detoxification clinics C. Matrix communities D. All of the above

The planned length of stay for residents in therapeutic communities is generally __________. A. 1-2 days B. 6-12 weeks C. 1-2 months D. 6-12 months

Which of the following approaches involves initiating behavioral change by helping clients resolve ambivalence about engaging in treatment? A. Matrix Model B. Supportive-Expressive Psychotherapy C. Motivational Enhancement Therapy D. Community Reinforcement Approach plus Vouchers

Which of the following is an opioid agonist? A. naloxone B. disulfiram C. methadone D. alcohol

Which of the following is not an opiate antagonist? A. naloxone B. methadone C. naltrexone D. None of the above (these drugs are all opiate antagonists)

Which of the following is an opioid antagonist used to treat opioid overdoses? A. naloxone B. methadone C. clonidine D. None of the above

Clonidine __________. A. is not addictive B. causes euphoria C. worsens opioid addiction D. requires special licensing and drug abuse treatment education to dispense this medication

___________ is a drug used to treat alcoholics that makes individuals violently ill if they consume alcohol. A. Naltrexone B. Disulfiram C. Acamprosate D. Clonidine

Which of the following was approved by the FDA for treatment of opiate dependence? A. Subutex and Suboxone B. naltrexone and clonidine C. methadone and morphine D. buprenorphine and naltrexone

Suboxone contains __________. A. clonidine and naltrexone B. buprenorphine and naloxone C. bupronorphine and naltrexone D. methadone and naloxone

__________ is a condition in which two or more illnesses occur in the same person. A. cooperativity B. comorbidity C. supra-additivity D. additivity

True or false? The Addiction Severity Index is used to assess the magnitude of client problems.

20. True or false? One-time, short-term treatment is generally adequate for treating drug addiction.

True or false? Overall, treatment of addiction is less successful than treatment of other chronic diseases such as hypertension.

True or false? No single treatment for addiction is appropriate for all users.

True or false? For treatment to be effective, it needs to be readily available.

True or false? Effective treatment attends to drug use and reserves addressing other needs so as to avoid distractions.

True or false? Medical detoxification is usually sufficient to curtail long-term drug abuse

True or false? Drug abuse treatment needs to be voluntary in order to be effective.

True or false? Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in the mid-1980s.

True or false? Alcoholics Anonymous is a national organization emphasizing responsible drinking.

True or false? Alcoholics Anonymous has three types of meetings.

True or false? Closed meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous are for alcoholics having a serious desire to completely stop drinking.

True or false? Medication must always be avoided in drug abuse treatment so as not to foster cross-dependence.

True or false? The Minnesota model is an outpatient rehabilitation model that avoids employing the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous.

True or false? The most successful drug abuse treatment programs avoid a combination of therapies so as to avoid distractions.

True or false? Participation in therapeutic communities involves 6-12 weeks of outpatient counseling.

True or false? Persons with anxiety or mood disorders are approximately twice as likely to also suffer from drug dependence.

True or false? One goal of motivational enhancement therapy is to help clients resolve ambivalence about drug use.

True or false? Acamprosate is used to treat individuals who are alcohol-dependent.

True or false? Methadone is a synthetic opioid antagonist.

True or false? Methadone is generally administered intravenously to prevent opioid withdrawal.

True or false? Naltrexone blocks heroin from having an effect on the heroin addict.

True or false? Antabuse is used as an opioid antagonist to treat opioid dependence.

True or false? An antagonist is a compound that enhances the action of a drug.

True or false? Clonidine is used to treat opiate-dependent people.

True or false? As a consequence of the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000, suboxone can now be prescribed in an office setting to treat substance abuse.

True or false? Subutex contains a partial opioid agonist.

True or false? A causal relationship between substance abuse and other mental illnesses is readily establishable.

"Insufflation" is a technical term for the process of:

Marijuana contains ____________ compounds that are psychoactive.

The uncomplicated narcotic withdrawal syndrome: