AP Euro Chapter 31 Cold War Conflicts

1. Lay the foundations for modern international monetary system 2. General Agreements of Tariff and Trade (GATT)sought to stimulate international trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions. 3. Between 1958 and 1971 the value of national currencies were based on gold and the U.S. dollar

a. Designed to provide short-term loans to struggling countries to prevent economic crisis and anarchy b. Became instrumental in the post-war economic boom.

Provided long-term loans to countries for economic growth

created in 1945 and their framework had been agreed to during WWII by the Allies at the Yalta Conference in February, 1945

a. Consisted of 12 nations (including 5 permanent members) that had the authority to actively maintain peace throughout the world b. Permanent members were the victors in World War II: U.S., USSR, Britain, France and China

a. Included virtually every country in the world b. Had the power to advise but could not enforce its recommendations

emerged as a dominant political movement in several countries. a. Saw a common Christian & European heritage b. Rejected authoritarianism & narrow nationalism; had faith in democracy and cooperation.

inspiring wartime leader of the Free French, re-established the free and democratic Fourth Republic (1946-1958)

(1946-1958) Charles de Gaulle re-established it

Clement Attlee, socialist Labour party leader, defeated Winston Churchill and the Conservatives in 1945. Attlee moved toward establishment of a "welfare state."

Britain became the model for the ―welfare state and a "mixed economy" under the socialistic Labour Party and prime minister Clement Attlee.

Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) of Great Britain 1. Certain gov't-controlled industries were now privatized 2. Reduced gov't spending 3. Encouraged the working class and lower middle class renters in state-controlled housing units to purchase their own apartments at very low prices

Immigration of "guest workers" a. The dramatic increase in the economy coupled with a low birth rate meant that there weren't enough workers available to meet the demands of the economy. b. Significant numbers of immigrants from Turkey, the Balkans (Yugoslavia and Greece) and North Africa met the demands for workers.

Council of Europe created in 1948 1. European federalists hoped the Council would quickly evolve into a true European parliament with sovereign rights, but this did not happen. 2. Britain, with its empire and its ―special relationship with U.S., was opposed giving any real political power—sovereignty—to the council.

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) created in 1950 via the Schuman Plan 1. Largely organized by French statesmen Jean Monnet and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman. 2. Proposed an international organization to control & integrate European steel and coal production.

"The Six": By 1958 coal and steel moved freely among six nations of the European Coal and Steel Community

European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty of Rome, 1957 created the European Economic Community and was Signed by same six nations in the European Coal. First goal of treaty: Gradual reduction of all tariffs (EEC), or the ―Common Market and Steel Community.

Treaty of Rome, in 1957 created the European Economic Community

Euratom (European Atomic Energy Agency) also created to develop and regulate nuclear energy.

Communist states responded by forming their own economic association—COMECON

Bitter colonial war in Algeria resulted in the election in 1958 of General Charles de Gaulle who established the Fifth French Republic and led as president until 1969.

(went into effect in 1992) 1. German Chancellor Kohl and French President Mitterrand sought to extend the EU to include a single European currency and a common defense and foreign policy 2. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher led Britain's opposition to the EU until she resigned in November 1990, replaced by conservative successor John Major,who urged a limited federalism.

Maastricht Treaty, 1991 a. Promised most radical revision of the EC since its beginning.

Eurodollar—or euro—became the single currency of the EU in 2002 integrating the currency of 12 western and central European nations.

1973, OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) dramatically increased oil prices in Europe and the U.S. in retaliation for their support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria.

Francois Mitterand (1981-1995) led his Socialist party and Communist allies in launching a vast program of nationalization and public investment designed to spend France out of economic stagnation. (Keynesian approach)

1957, USSR launched Sputnik, an orbiting satellite using long-range rockets

Space Race (part of Cold War competition to achieve technological superiority) is a quintessential example of ―Big Science‖ at work.

1961, Soviets sent world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, into orbit.

"Brain Drain": U.S. attracted many of Europe's best scientists during 1950s and 1960s—seen as the American Challenge

Consumerism worked to level Western society. a. Sparked by rising standard of living giving more people disposable income. b. European automobile industry expanded phenomenally. c. ―Gadget revolution

Counter-Culture: rebellion against parents, authority figures and status quo

French student revolt, 1968 a. Students took over the university, leading to violent clashes with police. b. Most students demanded changes in curriculum and real voice in running the university c. Appealed to industrial workers for help; spontaneous general strike spread across France d. To many it seemed the French Fifth Republic might collapse e. De Gaulle called in troops and called for new elections (which he won decisively) f. The mini-Revolution collapsed. g. For much of the older generation in western Europe, the student revolution of 1968 signaled the end of illusions and end of an era.

Argued women were in essence free but had almost always been trapped by particularly inflexible and limiting conditions. Only by courageous action and self-assertive creativity could women become free and escape the role of inferior ―other. Inspired a future generation of women's rights intellectuals

Simone de Beauvoir : The Second Sex (1949)- existentialist ideas

Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) a. Most important council of the Catholic Church since the Council of Trent (mid-16th century). b. Allowed for use of the vernacular in the Catholic liturgy c. Scripture was declared to be the foundation of the Church d. Declared that although the Catholic Church was the one true Church, other Christian groups who shared a belief in Christ were to be respected