Society: Ch.9 Global Stratification

*True*: In 2010, the world's three richest individuals each had more wealth than the total economic output of *about 100 of the world's poorest countries*.

*False*: *Global income* is divided *less equally* than income within the United States.

*True*: Even people with income at our country's poverty line *live better* than a majority of the world's people.

*True*: The *poorest 20 percent of the world's people* live on just *2 percent* of the world's income.

*False*: The *richest 20 percent of the world's people* receive *77 percent* of the entire world's income.

*False*: *Japan* and *Australia* are examples of *high-income* nations.

*True*: *High-income countries* are the home of the world's *largest corporations* as well as the world's *top financial markets*.

*True*: The text defines middle-income nations as having *per capita income* between *$2,500* and *$12,000* per year

*False*: The *former Soviet Union* and the nations of *Eastern Europe* are *middle-income* countries.

*False*: *Low-income countries* are home to *17 percent* of the world's people.

*True*: In *low-income nations*, the majority of the people live in *villages and small towns* where *farming* is the most common way to make a living.

*False*: For every dollar earned by someone in a low-income nation, a person in a *high-income nation* earns about *40 dollars*.

*True*: A recent United Nations report shows that, in general, *high-income* nations have a *higher quality of life* than low-income nations.

*True*: Compared to poverty in the United States, poverty throughout the world as a whole is *more widespread* and *more severe*.

*False*: The *low odds of living to the age of sixty-five in Africa* indicate that absolute poverty is numerous. In Africa, many people are *far worse off* than the poor in the United States.

*True*: Typically, people in *low-income* countries do *more physical labor*, but they consume *fewer calories* than people in rich nations.

*True*: The region in the world with the greatest number of poor "street children" is *Latin America*.

*True*: In *low-income nations*, inequality between men and women is *greater* than it is in high-income countries.

*False*: According to Anti-Slavery International, about *200 million* men, women, and children are living in conditions that amount to *slavery*.

*True*: Some *forms of marriage* found in the world today *amount to slavery*.

*True*: In *low-income* nations, *population growth* is generally *very high*.

*False*: *Colonialism* refers to a situation where some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others. *Neocolonialism* refers to a situation where multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country.

*True*: Huge businesses that operate in many different countries are called *multinational corporations*.

*False*: *Modernization theory* was created as a *market-based foreign policy*. It was aimed to showcase the *power of protective technology*, and to counter the growing influence of the Soviet Union and socialism in much of the world.

*True*: *Modernization theory* claims that *what we need to explain in human history* is not poverty but *affluence*.

*True*: During the twentieth century, *the standard of living* in high-income countries, where the Industrial Revolution took place, *increased dramatically*.

*False*: In Walt Rostow's model, the first stage before the modernization process is called the *"traditional stage"*.

*True*: Modernization theory claims that *rich nations* can, and do, *help solve the world's poverty problem*.

*False*: Dependency theory claims that *poor countries* are *dependent on rich nations* and have been *historically exploited by them*; and also claims that radical reform of the entire world economy is needed.

*True*: Dependency theory claims that the *economic positions* of the rich and poor nations of the globe are *linked*.

*False*: Dependency theory states that *low-income* nations have *narrow, export-oriented economies*.

*False*: *Low-income nations produce only a few crops for export to rich nations*. The few raw materials are bought at *cheap prices* and are transported to factories, which process them for *profitable sale*.

*True*: Modernization theory focuses on the *production* of wealth, while dependency theory focuses on the *distribution* of wealth.

*True*: Critics say that *dependency theory* wrongly treats *wealth* as a *zero-sum*, ignoring how the world has become much richer over time.

*False*: Dependency theory claims that *poverty* results from *deliberate government policies* that produce food for *profit*, not for people.

*True*: *Global inequality* is partly a problem of *technology*, and it is also a *political issue*.

The death of 52 garment workers in a Bangladeshi sweatshop shows that *the lives of the world's poor* are *far worse* than many people in the United States realize.

The *wealthiest 20 percent* of the global population receives about *77 percent* of all global income.

The *poorest 20 percent* of the global population receives about *2 percent* of all global income.

In 2011, there were *195 nations* in the world.

Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as *high-income* countries.

The *people of the high-income countries*, who represent 23 percent of the world's population, enjoy about *75 percent* of the world's total income.

*South Africa* is a *middle-income* country, not a high-income country.

High-income nations.... - are at the forefront of the Information Revolution; - make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology; and - contain almost all the world's financial markets.

In *middle-income* nations, average personal income is in the range of *$2,500 and $12,000*.

If you wanted to visit the world's *low-income* nations, you would travel to *Africa* and *Asia*.

*"Las Colonias"* refers to settlements.... - that are often called *"America's Third World"*; - in *Texas near the Mexican border*; and - containing *Hispanic Americans*.

A *majority* of the world's people live in *middle-income* nations.

From a global perspective, *economic productivity* is *lowest* in precisely the regions where *population increase* is *highest*.

*Absolute* poverty is *life threatening*. It is also most common in *small nations*.

*Absolute poverty* is.... - *not* most common in large nations; - *not* the same as relative poverty; and - *not* found only in the poorest nations.

In the world's *lowest-income* nations, *two in ten children born* die by the age of *five*.

In *poor nations*, poverty is *more widespread and severe* than in the United States.

For the world as a whole, *925 million* people suffer from *chronic hunger* that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease

Approximately *9 million* people in the world die each year due to *starvation*.

*Latin America* contains the *largest percentage* of the world's *street children*.

In poor countries, the *disadvantages women face* relative to men are *greater than in rich nations*.

Of the roughly 1 billion people in the world who are living in absolute poverty, *70 percent* are women.

*Chattel slavery* refers to one person owning another.

According to Anti-Slavery International, about *200 million* men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery.

*Debt bondage* consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts.

The concept of *"colonialism"* refers to the process by which *some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others*.

The concept of *"neocolonialism"* refers to the process by which *multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country*.

*Neocolonialism* refers to a global economy in which *multinational corporations exploit people in low-income nations*.

Modernization theory claims that the *main causes of poverty* involve *culture* and *technology*.

Modernization theory identifies *tradition* as the *greatest barrier to economic development*.

*Max Weber* is identified with the *modernization theory*.

According to *Walt Rostow*, nations begin at the *traditional* stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of *high mass consumption*.

If you were to apply the *modernization theory* to the problem of *global poverty*, you might point to.... - the use of relatively little advanced technology; - high levels of population increase; and - cultural resistance to innovation.

If you were applying *modernization theory* to the problem of *global poverty*, you might expect *rich nations* to aid the economic development of poor nations by.... - assisting in *population control*; - increasing *food production*; and - increasing *industrial production*.

Some critics claim that the modernization theory *ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations*.

*Dependency* theory differs from modernization theory by *explaining global inequality* in terms of the *exploitation of poor countries by rich countries*.

*André Gunder Frank* states that poor nations were *"underdeveloped," or made poor by rich nations*.

In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in *Africa*, *Latin America*, and *Asia*.

A social theorist who *contributed to the development of dependency theory* by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is *Immanuel Wallerstein*.

According to Immanuel Wallerstein's theory of global capitalism, *high-income* nations are at the *"core" of the world economy*.

*Wallerstein's term* for the *middle-income* countries of the world is *semiperiphery*.

According to dependency theory, *poor countries* have become *dependent* on rich nations because *they sell raw materials to rich nations*.

While the modernization theory focuses on *production* of wealth, the dependency theory focuses on *distribution* of wealth.

A *lack of integration into the world economy* is a factor that Wallerstein did *not* claim to be a cause of dependency.

Wallerstein claimed that *dependency among low-income nations* was caused by.... - narrow, export-oriented economies; - lack of industrial capacity; and - foreign debt.

The *dependency* theory claims that rich nations of the world are "overdeveloped" while poor nations are "underdeveloped".

With regard to *the role of rich nations*, the *dependency* theory claims that *rich nations are to blame for global poverty*.

One criticism of *dependency theory* is that it *treats global wealth as a "zero sum"* so that one country benefits *only at the expense of another*.

Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has *increased*.

The global region that has made the *greatest strides out of poverty* in recent decades is *Asia*.

Taken together, the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that *poverty* is.... - partly a problem of *technology*; - partly a *political issue*; and - a problem that *threatens world peace*.