APUSH Unit 12 Terms

25 August 2022
4.7 (114 reviews)
70 test answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers (66)
question
1. Reverend Josiah Strong
answer
He was a Protestant clergyman who was part of the Social Gospel movement. He followed a form of Christianity known as Christian Socialism. In the late 19th century, he held a principle that America needed to expand it influence around the globe to continue its lead and help lessen countries. He wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis in which he articulated his imperialist views. He did not like the problem of overcrowded cities with immigrants and poverty. He stated that we had the duty to help these people for our own good and theirs. This philosophy also applied to other countries around the world.
question
2. Geneva Convention (1882)
answer
The Geneva Convention of 1864 was the first convention of four over the years. It was supported by sixteen different countries who came to the convention. This convention came up with the law treaty that medical corps were not to be targets in war. They would signify their neutrality on the battlefield with a "red cross on a white ground." This treaty was finally ratified by the US Congress in 1882.
question
3. Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
answer
This treaty was an agreement between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii. The United States gave Hawaii free importation of sugar to the US. The US gained the lands at Pu'u Loa which were later used for Pearl Harbor after a later agreement in 1887.
question
4. McKinley Tariff (1890)
answer
This tariff was the highest yet in American history. It raised the average tariff rate to almost 50%. It also was a reciprocal treaty in that it lowered the tariff and even had no tariff rate on goods from some countries where they was a reciprocal trade. This encouraged other countries to form a reciprocal trade with the US. Specifically on sugar, there was no tariff, so the US paid Hawaii 2 cents a pound for the import of sugar for Hawaii to lower the price of sugar. The people hated this tariff because of the high prices on goods, so they voted many Republicans who supported it out of office.
question
5. Queen Liliuokalani
answer
She was the queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She did not support the move to annex Hawaii which resulted from the McKinley Tariff of 1890. A small minority of white led a revolt against her and for the annexation of Hawaii. When Cleveland came into office in 1892, though, he did not support annexation and thought that the US had done wrong against the Queen. The whites in Hawaii were able to overthrow her and make Hawaii into a republic. She was the last Queen of Hawaii.
question
6. Republic of Hawaii
answer
This was the name of Hawaii from 1894-1898 when it was a republic. It became a republic after the minority of whites in Hawaii overthrew Queen Liliuokalani. It remained a republic before it was annexed in 1898, becoming a US territory.
question
7. Tripartite protectorate
answer
This was an agreement between three parties, hence the name, of Britain, Germany, and the US over the Samoan islands. This agreement split the Samoan islands up into sections owned by the US or by Germany. Britain gave up their rights in Samoa. This ignored the rights of Samoa and established American imperialism.
question
8. Pan-Americanism
answer
This was a movement in the US to associate with other countries in the Americas of the western hemisphere. This movement encouraged US involvement in other countries with trade agreements, military agreements, and other cooperation. It became increasingly important in the late 1800s and early 1900s when the US began to get involved with international agreements. Some examples of American involvement outside of American are the Reciprocity Treaty and the tripartite protectorate.
question
9. Bering Sea Controversy
answer
This dispute was over the hunting of seals in the waters in the Alaska Territory. British sealers were captured in Alaskan territory which set off a debate over the area that the US regulated sealing. The US declared that it had authority over sealing in the Bering Sea, too. The US asserted its right to regulate sealing as well as protect the seals in the area. In 1893, an arbitration decided against the US and for Britain's right.
question
10. James G. Blaine
answer
A Republican and former Half-Breed and candidate for president. This man was secretary of state under Garfield and Harrison. He had a "Big Sister" policy that encourage Latin American countries to follow under the US's lead and open their trade. He presided over the Pan-American Conference.
question
11. Pan-American Union
answer
This was established at the Pan-American Conference in 1890. It was an organization to help the Latin American countries and the US cooperate. James Blaine called the conference to help solve problems with trade and law between the US and Latin America. When the International Union of American States was reorganized as the Union of American Republics, it became its secretariat. Later, it became secretariat for the Organization of American States in the 1950s.
question
12. Boer War
answer
This war was fought between Britain and the two Boer governments called the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. It was fought over who should rule and control trade in the land. Great Britain won. This war was going on at the time that the US wanted to build the Panama canal, so Britain allowed the US to build it because they were busy with the war.
question
13. The Ten Years War (1868-1878)
answer
This war a war for Cuban independence from Spain. The Cubans were being oppressed by the Spanish rule, so they lend a guerrilla war with the Spanish. This war obviously lasted for ten years, and it was not very eventful, with no major battles. The US pitied the Cuban rebels and had a stake in the sugar trade in Cuba, so they sent soldiers to help. Eventually, a treaty was made, but it was broken and the war was for nothing. The American's help in the war contributed to the reasons for starting a war against Spain later in 1895.
question
14. Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)
answer
This was an embarrassing tariff for President Cleveland in 1894. It was supposed to lower the tariff rates, but it only lowered them by a little because of the special-interest protection amendments that Gorman added to it. (600 of them). It also introduced a 2% income tax on those who make over $4000, a violation of the Constitution.
question
15. Reconcentrados
answer
In 1896, after the hostilities in Cuba began again in 1895, General "Butcher" Weyler was put in charge of the guerrilla war against the Cuban rebels. He created the world's first concentration camps when he ordered all the Cubans to abandon everything and go into a "fortified" area. This area was where they were held without food or shelter. They all died of starvation or disease (150,000). These people became known as the Reconcentrados.
question
16. De Lome Letter (1898)
answer
This was a private letter from de Lome, the Spanish minister, to President McKinley. It described him as "weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party." This letter was stolen by Hearst (yellow journalism) and published, causing a great deal of anger. This helped to cause the Spanish-American War of 1898.
question
17. San Juan Hill
answer
This was a hill in Cuba where a battle was fought on July 1, 1898. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt became famous for his ride up this hill and his victory with his Rough Riders over the Spanish forces. He fired his revolver and was apparently having lots of fun. He later wrote a book about his time in Cuba.
question
18. Walter Reed
answer
He is the doctor who performed experiments to find out the cause of yellow fever. He found through these experiments that the stegomyia mosquito was the carrier for the deadly disease. He was a surgeon in the army for 20 years, and the US Army's hospital in Washington, DC is named after him.
question
19. Sino-Japanese War
answer
conflict between Japan and China that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea. Korea had long been China's most important client state, but its strategic location opposite the Japanese islands and its natural resources of coal and iron attracted Japan's interest. In 1875 Japan, which had begun to adopt Western technology, forced Korea to open itself to foreign, especially Japanese, trade and to declare itself independent from China in its foreign relations.
question
20. Our Country (a book)
answer
This was a novel written by Reverend Josiah Strong in which he argued that American should expand to other countries to help them and improve them.
question
21. Charles Darwin
answer
The naturalist that discovered evolution and wrote about it in his book On the Origin of Species. He studied finches, among other things, on his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He revolutionized the way we view ourselves and the creation of the Earth. He set off a battle in the Churches between creationism and evolution between "Fundamentalists" and "Modernists."
question
22. William McKinley
answer
was the 25th President of the United States (1897-1901). He is best known for winning fiercely fought elections, while supporting the gold standard and high tariffs; he succeeded in forging a Republican coalition that for the most part dominated national politics until the 1930s. McKinley, a native of Ohio, was of Scots-Irish and English descent, born into a large family, and served with distinction in the Civil War. By the late 1870s, McKinley had become a national Republican leader. McKinley presided over a return to prosperity after the Panic of 1893, with the gold standard as a keystone.
question
23. Henry Cabot Lodge
answer
Henry Cabot "Slim"Lodge (May 12, 1850 - November 9, 1924) was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts. He is best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles. Lodge demanded Congressional control of declarations of war; Wilson refused and the United States Senate never ratified the Treaty nor joined the League of Nations.
question
24. Annexation of Hawaii
answer
The U.S. annexation of the Hawaiian Islands on July 7, 1898, was the culmination of more than fifty years of growing U.S. commercial interests in Hawaii. During the second half of the nineteenth century, American investors in the sugar industry gradually increased their control over the islands' economic and political life. In 1887 they arranged to overthrow the local rulers and establish a government more favorable to their interests.
question
25. William Randolph Hearst
answer
was an American business magnate and a leading newspaper publisher. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887, after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father. Moving to New York City, he acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World which led to the creation of yellow journalism. He was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives.
question
26. Joseph Pulitzer
answer
was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s and became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party. He crusaded against big business and corruption. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal introduced yellow journalism and opened the way to mass circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to the reader with multiple forms of news, entertainment, and advertising.
question
27. Frederick Remington
answer
was an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the Old American West, specifically concentrating on the last quarter of the 19th century American West and images of cowboys, American Indians, and the U. S. Cavalry. He studied at Yale University and New York's Art Students League. His work is notable for its rendering of swift action and its accuracy of detail. He covered the Spanish-American War.
question
28. Joseph Wheeler
answer
was an American military commander and politician. He has the rare distinction of serving as a general during war time for two opposing forces: first as a noted cavalry general in the Confederate States Army in the 1860s during the American Civil War, and later as a general in the United States Army during both the Spanish-American War and Philippine-American War near the turn of the century. For much of the Civil War he served as the senior cavalry general in the Army of Tennessee and fought in most of its battles in the Western Theater.
question
29. Leon Czolgosz
answer
was the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley. he claimed to have been heavily influenced by anarchists such as Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. He was born in Michigan and his surname was Nieman.
question
30. Booker T. Washington
answer
—was an American educator, author, orator, and political leader. He was the dominant figure in the African-American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915. Representative of the last generation of black American leaders born in slavery, he spoke on behalf of the large majority of blacks who lived in the South but had lost their ability to vote through disfranchisement by southern legislatures. He founded the first formal school for blacks, The Tuskegee Institute.
question
31. The Path Between the Seas
answer
—a nickname for the panama canal—1879-1914
question
32. George Goethals
answer
was a United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his supervision of construction and the opening of the Panama Canal. The Goethals Bridge between Staten Island, New York City and Elizabeth, New Jersey is named in his honor, as is the Goethals Medal. He successfully confronted complex problems of both engineering and logistics. He was appointed the Canal Zone's first governor (1914 - 17).
question
33. Panama Canal
answer
is an 82-kilometre (51 mi) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Work on the canal, which began in 1880, was completed in 1914, making it no longer necessary for ships to sail the lengthy Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America and to navigate the dangerous waters of the Magellan Straits. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut made it possible for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in half the time previously required. The shorter, faster, safer route to the U.S. West Coast and to nations in and along the Pacific Ocean allowed those places to become more integrated with the world economy.
question
34. Jingoism
answer
Jingoism is extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy. In practice, it is a country's advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others - an extreme type of nationalism.
question
35. The USS Maine
answer
On February 15, 1898, barely a week after the leaking of the De Lôme letter, came the spark needed for the United States to declare war. The USS Maine was a United States warship which had been anchored in the Havana, Cuba. On the 15th of February, the ship suddenly exploded, killing the 260 Americans on board. Immediately, the United States government and press blamed the tragedy on the Spanish. With pushes from yellow press journals, the American population was quickly convinced the Spanish were at fault for the Maine explosion and the deaths of fellow Americans. Soon chants of "Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain" could be heard across the county. The American people united behind the tragedy and the country prepared for war.
question
36. Theodore Roosevelt
answer
In April of 1897 Roosevelt was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy as a reward for his staunch and tireless campaigning for the newly elected President, William McKinley. He was the assistant to navy secretary John D. Long. Roosevelt was belligerent and caused trouble for the secretary. Long did not share Roosevelt's views on Naval expansion and the need for new capital ships, and, in spite of badgering from Roosevelt, would not fight vigorously for these items. On February 25,1898, he cabled Commodore George Dewey to be ready for action upon the Philippines. After the war with Spain had been declared, he also served in the "Rough Riders" when they were sent to fight in Cuba.
question
37. Richard Olney
answer
Olney was the Secretary of State under Cleveland. He was authorized to submit to England a strongly worded letter about the British/Venezuelan conflict over the border of British Guiana. This letter said the British were violating the Monroe Doctrine by attempting to acquire more territory through the conflict with Venezuela, and demanded that the British submit to arbitration. He was also the leading corporate lawyer of the 1880s who noted that the new Interstate Commerce Commission could be of great use to the railroads. It would quiet the clamor for regulation while at the same time it had little power.
question
38. George Dewey
answer
Dewey was a U.S. naval commander. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1858 and served with Union naval forces in the American Civil War. In 1897 he commanded the U.S. Asiatic Squadron. In the Spanish-American War he sailed from Hong Kong to the Philippines to defeat the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay (1898); he opened fire with the command, "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley." His victory, with no loss of U.S. ships, led to U.S. acquisition of the Philippines. In 1899 Congress created for him the rank of admiral of the navy.
question
39. Insular Cases
answer
The Insular Cases are a group of‐some fourteen decisions of the period 1901-1904 that involve the application of the Constitution and Bill of Rights to overseas territories (see Territories and New States). The cases arose after the United States acquired island territories through the treaty ending the Spanish‐American War (1898). The nation's determination to become a world power, as evidenced by the war and the acquisition of foreign territories, received overwhelming popular endorsement in the presidential election of 1900. The Insular Cases translated the political dispute into the vocabulary of the Constitution, with the Supreme Court eventually echoing the popular sentiment.
question
40. Teller Amendment
answer
An amendment sponsored by Republican senator Henry M. Teller and adopted by Congress on April 20, 1898. It authorized the use of U.S. military force to establish Cuban independence from Spain. It also stated that, once the US had won the war, Cuba would be independent and American would not annex it. The amendment followed President William McKinley's request for force on April 11 and was supported in lieu of a U.S. annexation of Cuba. A U.S. protectorate over the island was established under the Platt Amendment.
question
41. Yellow Journalism
answer
One of the causes of the Spanish-American War (1898) - this was when newspaper publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger American public towards Spain. This reporting style was sensationalist and obsessed with getting good "scoops." It involved distorting fact and spreading gossip like wildfire.
question
42. Rough Riders
answer
This group, part of the invading US army in Cuba, were mostly enthusiastic volunteers, largely western cowboys, with a few ex-convicts and wealthier men seeking adventure. They were commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood, and organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt. They came to be known as "Wood's Weary Walkers" when they left their horses in Florida in their rush to get to Cuba.
question
43. Filipino Insurrection
answer
The Filipino Insurrection was an attempt to gain independence from Spain and was led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Emilio Aguinaldo declared an independent Philippines in 1899, starting the Philippine Insurrection that lasted until 1902. More usually called the Philippine-American War or the Philippine War, the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902) was America's first conflict of the twentieth century. On 1 May 1898, at the beginning of the Spanish-American War Commodore George Dewey sank the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines. Believing they would be given independence by America, Filipino forces under Emilio Aguinaldo, who had been fighting the Spanish since 1896, laid siege to Manila and occupied the rest of the archipelago, destroyed Spanish control, and declared independence as a democratic republic on 12 June 1898. 4, 234 US troops were killed and 2, 818 wounded, against an estimated 20, 000 Filipino deaths in 'combat' and perhaps 200, 000 civilians, mostly from disease and deprivation.
question
44. Open Door Notes/Policy
answer
This message was written by John Hay and sent to the major world powers operating spheres of influence in China. It urged them to announce that they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition. Only Italy accepted it unconditionally, and Britain, German, France and Japan accepted on the terms that everyone else did. Russia politely refused, but Hay cleverly interpreted its answer as an acceptance.
question
45. Alaskan Boundary Disputes
answer
The Alaska boundary dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and Canada (then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London). It was resolved by arbitration in 1903. The dispute had been going on between the Russian and British Empires since 1821, and was inherited by the United States as a consequence of the Alaska Purchase in 1867. The final resolution favored the American position, and Canada did not get an outlet from the Yukon gold fields to the sea. The disappointment and anger in Canada was directed less at the United States, and more at the British government for betraying Canadian interests in pursuit of a friendly relationship between Britain and the United States.
question
46. Hawaiian Revolution
answer
The Hawaiian Rebellions and Revolutions took place in Hawaii between 1887 and 1895. Until annexation in 1898, Hawaii was an independent sovereign state, recognized by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Germany with exchange of ambassadors. However, there were several challenges to the reigning governments of the Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii during the eight and a half year (1887-1895) period. Hawaii's wholesale sugar prices plummeted as a result of the elimination of the duty-free status enjoyed by Hawaiian sugar. Facing ruin, the planters deposed Queen Liliuokalani in Jan 1893, proclaimed the independent Republic of Hawaii, and requested U.S. Annexation.
question
47. Cuban Revolution
answer
In 1895, the Cubans rose up against Spain. The cause was partly economic and kind of the fault of the US. Sugar production was the backbone of Cuban economy, and when the American tariff of 1894 restored a high tariff, many Cubans were driven to desperation. A scorched-earth policy was set up by insurgents who assumed that if they did enough damage, Spain might be willing to move out or the US would move in and help them gain independence. The insurrectors torched canefields and sugar mills and dynamited passenger trains. America sided with the Cubans, remembering the good 'ol days when that was them and the British. The US had a $50 million investment stake in Cuba. A Spanish general ("Butcher" Weyler) put civilians in barbed wire reconcentration camps to avoid giving power to the insurrectos. Many civilians died because of poor sanitation. Americans were outraged and Congress in 1896 passed a resolution that asked President Cleveland to do something about it. Cleveland refused to get involved, saying that even if Congress declared war, he would not use his power to mobilize the army.
question
48. Anti Imperialist League
answer
This organization sprang up following the Treaty of Paris, in opposition the McKinley administration's expansionist moves. They argued that to annex the Philippines would violate the "consent of the governed" philosophy of the Decl. of Ind. It included some of the most prominent Americans such as the presidents of Stanford and Harvard universities, Mark Twain, philosopher William James, and strange bedfellows such as Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie.
question
49. Dr. William C. Gorgas
answer
Gorgas was a United States Army physician and 22nd Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1914-1918). He is best known for his work in Florida, Havana and at the Panama Canal in abating the transmission of yellow fever and malaria by controlling the mosquitoes that carry them at a time when there was considerable skepticism and opposition to such measures.
question
50. John Hay
answer
Hay was a U.S. diplomat and writer. He studied law in Springfield, Ill., where he met Abraham Lincoln. He served as President Lincoln's private secretary (1861 - 65) and then held diplomatic posts in Europe (1865 - 70). After writing editorials for the New York Tribune (1870 - 75), he served as assistant secretary of state (1879 - 81). He coauthored a 10-volume biography of Lincoln (1890). He was appointed ambassador to Britain (1897 - 98) by Pres. William McKinley. As secretary of state (1898 - 1905), Hay helped negotiate the end of the Spanish-American War, supported the decision to retain the Philippines for the U.S., promulgated the Open Door policy, and negotiated treaties that gave the U.S. an exclusive right to build the Panama Canal.
question
51. Battle of Manila
answer
The Battle of Manila, also known as the Liberation of Manila, fought from 3 February to 3 March 1945 by American, Filipino and Japanese forces, was part of the 1945 Philippine campaign. The one-month battle, which culminated in a terrible bloodbath and total devastation of Treaty of 1898the city, was the scene of the worst urban fighting in the Pacific theater, and ended almost three years of Japanese military occupation in the Philippines (1942-1945). The city's capture was marked as General Douglas MacArthur's key to victory in the campaign of reconquest.
question
52. Treaty of 1898
answer
The Treaty of 1898, or the Treaty of Paris, signed on 20 December 1898, between Spain and the United States, ended one war and set the stage for another. Following the U.S. military victories at Manila Bay in May 1898 and in Cuba in early July, Madrid asked for an armistice that began in August. Peace negotiations followed in Paris, the main sticking point being the future of the Philippine Islands, a Spanish colony since 1564. President William McKinley insisted that Spain cede sovereignty to the United States. The treaty gave the United States temporary control over Cuba (Congress had rejected annexation in the Teller Amendment when it declared war) and actual possession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Spain received $20 million.
question
53. Platt Amendment
answer
Although the US honored the Teller Amendment of 1898 and withdrew from Cuba in 1902, it forced the Cubans to write this into their constitution. It limited them severely, forbidding them from making treaties or contracting a debt beyond their resources. It agreed that the US could intervene with troops to restore order and provide mutual protection. It also provided for about 28,000 acres for coaling and naval stations.
question
54. Alfred T. Mahan
answer
Alfred Thayer Mahan was born on September 27, 1840 and died on December 1, 1914. He was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and historian. He has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact. This concept was most famously presented in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 which was published in 1890. The concept had an enormous influence in shaping the strategic thought of navies across the world, especially in the United States, Germany, Japan and Britain, ultimately causing the World War I naval arms race. In the context of his time, Mahan backed a revival of Manifest Destiny through overseas imperialism. He held that sea power would require the United States to acquire defensive bases in the Caribbean and Pacific as well as take possession of Hawaii. This came at the time when the United States launched a major shipbuilding program to move the United States to the third place amongst worldwide naval powers by 1900.
question
55. Samoan Crisis
answer
The Samoan Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, Germany and Great Britain from 1887-1889 over control of the Samoan Islands during the Samoan Civil War. At the height of the confrontation three American warships, Vandalia, USS Trenton and USS Nipsic were wrecked along with the three German warships SMS Adler, SMS Olga, and SMS Eber. The six ships confronted each other in a tense standoff over several months in Apia Harbor which was monitored by the British warship HMS Calliope. On 15 and 16 March the 1889 Apia cyclone wrecked all six United States and German warships in the harbor, ending the standoff. The HMS Calliope was able to escape the harbor and survive the storm. The Samoan Civil War continued, involving Germany and the Americans, eventually resulting, via the Tripartite Convention of 1899, in the partition of the Samoan Islands into American Samoa and German Samoa.
question
56. Big Stick Policy
answer
The Big Stick policy is a form of hegemony and was the slogan describing U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt attributed the term to a West African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far," but the claim that it originated in West Africa has been disputed. The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military, ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik, which implies an amoral pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. Roosevelt first used the phrase in a speech at the Minnesota State Fair on September 2, 1901, twelve days before the assassination of President William McKinley, which subsequently thrust him into the Presidency. Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis". However, it is also rumored that Roosevelt himself first made the phrase publicly known, and that he only meant it was West African proverb metaphorically.
question
57. Boxer Rebellion
answer
The Boxer Rebellion was a proto-nationalist movement by the "Righteous Harmony Society" in China between 1898 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity. The uprising took place in response to foreign "spheres of influence" in China, with grievances ranging from political invasion, economic manipulation, to missionary evangelism. Chinese attacked, and killed over 200 whites in the region. The siege was ended when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing.
question
58. Roosevelt Corollary
answer
The Roosevelt Corollary is a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in 1904. The corollary states that The United States will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. While the Monroe Doctrine had warned European powers to keep their hands off countries in the Americas, President Roosevelt was now saying that "since the United States would not permit the European powers to lay their hands on Latin American countries, he had an obligation to do so himself." In short, he would intervene to keep them from intervening. This stopped European expansion along western Hemisphere
question
59. Battle of Santiago
answer
The Battle of Santiago was one of the most important battles in the Spanish American War. It marked the defeat of the Spanish fleet in Cuba. The Spanish fleet was led by Admiral Cervera. To protect his fleet, he had taken shelter in the Santiago Harbor, but after the American army took the city, he tried to escape. Every single one of his ships was destroyed by the superior American force. This marked the end of Spanish controlled Cuba.
question
60. Gen. Valeriano Weyler
answer
Gen. Valeriano Weyler was named governor with full powers to suppress the insurgency and return the island to political order and the sugar industry to greater profitability when the 1896 Rebellion in Cuba was in full swing. In order to separate the rebels rom civilians, Weyler relocated more than 300,000 people into "reconcentration camps." Although he was successful moving vast numbers of people, he failed to provide for them adequately. Consequently, these areas became cesspools of hunger, disease, and starvation where thousands died.
question
61. Venezuelan Boundary Dispute
answer
The Venezuela Boundary Dispute occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with Britain, over a piece of land that Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. The British eventually allowed the United States to act as a mediator under the power of the Monroe Doctrine. In the end, British Guiana received most of the land. This issue resulted in a more broadened view of the Monroe Doctrine.
question
62. Emilio Aguinaldo
answer
Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869 and died on February 6, 1964. He was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence that resisted American occupation. He was in charge of the guerrilla forces that fought U.S. soldiers. Although outgunned, he utilized the terrain and melded in with the normal population. When he was captured, the revolt was basically over. Aguinaldo became the Philippines' first President.
question
63. Algeciras Conference
answer
The Algeciras Conference of 1906 took place in Algeciras, Spain, and lasted from January 16 to April 7. The purpose of the conference was to find a solution to the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany, which arose as Germany attempted to prevent France from establishing a protectorate over Morocco. It covered the organization of Morocco's police and customs, regulations concerning repressing the smuggling of armaments, and concessions to the European bankers from a newly formed State Bank of Morocco, issuing banknotes backed by gold, with a 40-year term. The new state bank was to act as Morocco's Central Bank, but with a strict cap on the spending of the Sherifian Empire, with administrators appointed by the national banks that guaranteed the loans.
question
64. Hague Conference
answer
The Hague Conference originally occurred at The Hague in the Netherlands. It was held from May 18, 1899 and signed on July 29 of that year, and entered into force on September 4, 1900. The Hague Convention of 1899 consisted of four main sections and three additional declarations. The main effect of the Convention was to ban the use of certain types of modern technology in war: bombing from the air, chemical warfare, and hollow point bullets. It also set up the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
question
65. Leonard Wood
answer
Leonard Wood was personal physician to Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley through 1898. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Wood, with Roosevelt's assistance, organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders. Wood commanded the regiment in a successful engagement known as the Battle of Las Guasimas. When the brigade commander became ill, Wood received a field promotion to brigadier general of volunteers and assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, V Corps (which included the Rough Riders) and led the brigade to a famous victory at Kettle Hill and San Juan Heights. He stayed in Cuba after the war and was appointed the Military Governor of Santiago in 1898, and of Cuba from 1899-1902.
question
66. Admiral Cervera
answer
Admiral Cervera was in charge of the Spanish fleet that was sent to Cuba at the start of the Spanish-American war. His ships were not prepared well, and he feared that they were flirting with suicide. He was able to find refuge in Santiago Harbor until American troops began closing in. Although he wanted to retreat, the Spanish government forced him to fight. His fleet was entirely destroyed.
question
67. Elihu Root
answer
Elihu Root served as the United States Secretary of War 1899-1904 under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. He reformed the organization of the War Department. He was responsible for enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff. He changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Root was concerned about the new territories acquired after the Spanish-American War and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans, wrote the charter of government for the Philippines, and eliminated tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Puerto Rico.
question
68. William Howard Taft
answer
In 1900, President William McKinley appointed William Howard Taft chairman of a commission to organize a civilian government in the Philippines which had been ceded to the United States by Spain following the Spanish-American War and the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Although Taft had been opposed to the annexation of the islands, and had told McKinley his real ambition was to become a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, he reluctantly accepted the appointment. From 1901 to 1903, Taft served as the first civilian Governor-General of the Philippines, a position in which he was very popular with both Americans and Filipinos. He reluctantly declined multiple offers for a seat on the Supreme Court since he viewed the Filipinos as not yet being capable of governing themselves.
question
69. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
answer
The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama. It established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal. It was named after its two primary negotiators, Phillipe Bunau-Varilla, the French diplomatic representative of Panama, and United States Secretary of State John Hay. The terms of the treaty stated that the United States was to receive rights to a canal zone which was to extend six miles on either side of the canal route in perpetuity, and Panama was to receive a payment from US up to $10 million and an annual rental payment of $250,000.
question
70. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
answer
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty is a treaty signed by the United States and the United Kingdom on 18 November 1901, as a preliminary to the creation of the Panama Canal. This Treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 in which both nations had renounced building such a canal under the sole control of one nation. It gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across the Central American isthmus to connect the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. It also allowed America to fortify the canal.