Question 1

A time when the ancient Greeks and Romans were leading the way in culture, art, and the philosophies:

Accepted Answer

Classical Period

Question 2

The major themes that emerged from the Classical Period included

Accepted Answer

balance, truth/reason, democracy/republic, polytheism, and humanism.

Question 3

In art and architecture, the classical ideal of ______ is exemplified in proportion, each part of the work having an appropriate size relative to other parts and to the whole.

Accepted Answer

balance

Question 4

In the Western tradition, the ancient Greeks are credited with founding both science and philosophy, two disciplines that understand truth not as something revealed by the gods or handed down through tradition, but

Accepted Answer

as information humans can acquire for themselves through the use of reason.

Question 5

Democracies and republics are closely-related forms of government in which the people rule themselves. However, a republic has

Accepted Answer

institutions that secure the rights of the minority; unlike a democracy, it's not just majority rules.

Question 6

Both Greek and Roman cultures were polytheistic, meaning

Accepted Answer

that they worshipped many gods;

Question 7

Aristotle furthered this human-centered approach by investigating what qualities led to human excellence and made for a good life.

Accepted Answer

humanism in the Classical Era

Question 8

Rebirth of Classicism: During the Renaissance, there was a rebirth of classical ideals, mainly

Accepted Answer

humanism, rationalism, and balance, based on the belief that classical literary, scientific, and philosophical works provided additional resources for learning and living.

Question 9

Humanism during the Renaissance:

Accepted Answer

Humanism is an optimistic attitude that praises human abilities to be successful in their endeavors, whether in science, religion, art, politics, or behavior. The focus on humanity, human culture, and the human form was the impetus for the classical revival.

Question 10

Rationalism/Scientific Expansion: Many people in the Renaissance embodied a strong interest in rationalism and scientific inquiry, leading to deeper understanding of the world and technological developments in such areas as medicine, transportation, and warfare.

Accepted Answer

For them, the explanations provided by religious dogma and classical philosophy did not offer a deep enough understanding of the world. Instead, they applied reason and scientific thinking to various endeavors.

Question 11

Expansion of the University System: The Renaissance approach to education produced the ideal of

Accepted Answer

the well-rounded individual who was not bound to any one discipline. As the university system spread across Europe, it represented a significant change in epistemology.

Question 12

Individualism/Self-Fashioning: The notion of individualism became important during the Renaissance as artists sought

Accepted Answer

public recognition and reputation. Artists and nobles represented their identity with choices in dress and behavior, a process known as self-fashioning.

Question 13

Reformation: Reformation took place in the form of Protestantism, sparked by

Accepted Answer

Martin Luther's outspoken disagreement with many Church practices he believed were corrupt. Overall, reformation of the Roman Catholic Church was a very significant movement in the Renaissance that separated it from the Middle Ages.

Question 14

The themes of the Renaissance Period are:

Accepted Answer

Rebirth of Classicism, Humanism, Rationalism/ Scientific Expansion, Expansion of the University System, Individualism/ Self-Fashioning, and Reformation

Question 15

Neoclassical/ Enlightenment Period themes:

Accepted Answer

Skepticism, Rationalism, Empiricism, Order, Deism, Classicism

Question 16

Skepticism: The school of rational skepticism was prominent during the Enlightenment to ensure that philosophers reached conclusions based on reason, not prejudice.

Accepted Answer

This critical attitude helped to define the age. This theme comes from the Greek philosophical school of thought that maintained human knowledge is limited and uncertain.

Question 17

Rationalism: The philosophy of rationalism during the Enlightenment also put an emphasis on the role of reason as

Accepted Answer

the key to knowledge. Rationalists also believed that human reason was the key to social improvement and progress.

Question 18

Empiricism during the Enlightenment: (learn by doing it, not reading it)

Accepted Answer

First developed in the Renaissance (but not a Renaissance theme) by scientists such as Francis Bacon, empiricism may be defined as basing ideas and theories on the direct experience of the senses, including experimentation, as opposed to knowledge gained from books.

Question 19

Deism: A shift in religious thinking also took place with the growth of deism-

Accepted Answer

a belief system that credits God as the original architect of the universe's natural laws but who does not currently oversee the events of the world. (No Judgement or interference from God)

Question 20

Order: Enlightenment thinkers and leaders sought to design political and social order that reflected natural laws and God's will.

Accepted Answer

This worldview of the Enlightenment thinkers was a belief in a comprehensible world under the direction of a Christian God who used natural laws to exert divine will.

Question 21

Classicism: In the arts, a resurgence of classical ideals like harmony, realism, and reason inspired the Neoclassical movement-

Accepted Answer

This theme was most evident in art, where aesthetic principles and themes had roots in Greco-Roman styles. Neoclassicists hearkened back to ancient classical* themes of balance and reason to render visual arts, architecture, theater, and music in realistic ways.

Question 22

Nationalism: Due to key events like European colonialism, the French Revolution, and the establishment of the United States, many Western countries sought to

Accepted Answer

distinguish their identities, leading Romantic artists to express their national identities with pride through their works.

Question 23

Exoticism: As cross-continental transportation became easier and colonialism became more widespread, Europeans became more exposed to nonwestern cultures that fascinated them. Exoticism was

Accepted Answer

the artistic expression of that fascination, though often Europeans misrepresented the foreign and suppressed cultures they enjoyed.

Question 24

Revolution: Romantics generally supported revolution against tradition-

Accepted Answer

political reform that would grant rights to oppressed groups and equality for all.

Question 25

Heroism: The Byronic or Romantic hero was an embodiment of the revolutionary thought and introspective concerns that Romantics faced in this era-

Accepted Answer

such heroes were gifted loners who challenged traditions and brooded on personal passions.

Question 26

Passion: Romantic artists explored the full spectrum of uninhibited human emotion and

Accepted Answer

generally favored the strong sentiments of affection, sorrow, and romantic longing over the rational and logical.

Question 27

Individualism: Romantics celebrated and promoted the righteousness of

Accepted Answer

human individuality and developed a newfound respect for the figure of the imaginative genius

Question 28

Nature: Many Romantics found wisdom and solace in the natural world and sought to represent the strange emotions that occur when encountering the sublime.

Accepted Answer

For the Romantics, there was more of an emphasis on how emotionally evocative and sublime nature could be, rather than on understanding the complicated science behind it. Romantics were awestruck and inspired by the majesty of nature and sought to capture its effortless wisdom in their works.

Question 29

The themes of the Romantic Period are:

Accepted Answer

Nationalism, Heroism, Nature, Passion, Revolution, Individualism, Exoctisism

Question 30

Darwinism: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution- Realists valued Darwin's empirical proof over religious faith leading to the belief in:

Accepted Answer

scientific materialism, which is the philosophical view that nothing exists but the physical reality that can be seen through the natural sciences.

Question 31

Industrialization: Realists wanted to portray the realistic consequences of the Industrial Revolution, which exposed the large differences between the wealthy and the working classes. Industrialism in England and the United States, especially, was a subject for Realist artists and writers, who were focused on

Accepted Answer

the difficult working conditions brought about by industrialization. Later in the period, Realists also tackled the issues of inequality and oppression caused by imperialism and colonialism.

Question 32

Individualism: Realism sought to portray individuality with accurate, scientific detail. Realists attempted to

Accepted Answer

recreate people and existence as realistically as possible, and their approach was more logical, more objective, and more fixated on minute detail.

Question 33

Age of Doubt: The tension between the idealism of the past, the harsh new realities of the present, and the insecurity of the future helped shape a particular sensibility during the Realist Period that is characterized by

Accepted Answer

both optimism and anxiety. Underlying 19th-century ideologies of progress is a competing attitude of foreboding regarding the dramatic effects of modernization.

Question 34

The themes of the Realist Period are:

Accepted Answer

Idealism, Darwinism (Scientific Inquiry), Individualism, and Age of Doubt

Themes Of Humanities

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