Response patterns in the endocrine system are particularly effective in:
coordinating cell tissue and organ activities on a sustained long-term basis
the release of chemical neurotransmitters
crisis management
rapid short-term specific responses
answer
coordinating cell tissue and organ activities on a sustained long-term basis
question
Which of the following would NOT be characterized as an endocrine-controlled process?
maintenance of reproductive abilities in a female until menopause
pregnancy
the constriction of the iris muscles when a bright light is shined in the eye
puberty
answer
the constriction of the iris muscles when a bright light is shined in the eye
question
The release of hormones by endocrine cells alters the
very specific responses to environmental stimuli
anatomical boundary between the nervous and endocrine systems
metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously
rate at which chemical neurotransmitters are released
answer
metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously
question
The biogenic amino hormones include
oxytocin, ADH, GH, and prolactin
E, NE, dopamine, melatonin, and thyroid hormones
leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes
androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids, and calcitriol
answer
E, NE, dopamine, melatonin, and thyroid hormones
question
Which of the following is NOT classified as an amino acid-derivative hormone?
eicosanoids
melatonin
thyroxine
epinephrine
answer
eicosanoids
question
A hormone that stimulates the opening of calcium channels and interaction with calmodulin __________.
will bind to the mitochondria inside a cell
will trigger the activation of cytoplasmic enzymes
will pass through the cell membrane owing to its lipid nature
is parathyroid hormone
answer
will trigger the activation of cytoplasmic enzymes
question
Which of the following hormones is secreted in the pituitary gland and controls melanin production during fetal development, in young children, in pregnant women, and in some disease states?
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
oxytocin
melatonin
luteinizing hormone
answer
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
question
Why is the hypothalamus a major coordinating and control center?
It contains autonomic centers and acts as an endocrine organ.
It stimulates appropriate responses by peripheral target cells.
It initiates endocrine and neural reflexes.
It produces all hormones secreted by the pituitary gland.
answer
It contains autonomic centers and acts as an endocrine organ.
question
Often, when brains are removed from the body and examined in dissection, the pituitary gland is missing. This is likely because it is encased in which of the following bony structures?
sella turcica
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
posterior cranial fossa
answer
sella turcica
question
What is the slender, funnel-shaped structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
sellar diaphragm
sella turcica
pars tuberalis
infundibulum
answer
infundibulum
question
What is the hormone synthesized from molecules of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the pineal gland?
oxytocin
melatonin
pinealtonin
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
answer
melatonin
question
An abnormally low production of gonadotropin produces a condition called __________.
diabetogenesis
hypogonadism
follitropism
somatomedins
answer
hypogonadism
question
The thyroid gland curves across the anterior surface of the trachea just inferior to the __________.
scapula and clavicles
sternum
dorsal ascending aorta
thyroid cartilage
answer
thyroid cartilage
question
Which of the following is NOT an effect of thyroid hormones on peripheral tissues?
stimulation of the formation of red blood cells
maturation of lymphocytes
elevating levels of oxygen consumption and energy consumption
increasing heart rate and force of contraction
answer
maturation of lymphocytes
question
Hypothyroidism, myxedema, and goiter may result from an inadequate amount of __________.
dietary iodide
salt in the diet
sodium and calcium
magnesium and zinc
answer
dietary iodide
question
The two pairs of parathyroid glands are embedded in the __________.
posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands
anterior surfaces of the thyroid cartilage
anterior surfaces of the thyroid glands
lateral surfaces of the thyroid cartilage
answer
posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands
question
Endocrine secretions from which of the following adrenal regions would increase levels of sodium ions retained at the kidney?
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
zona glomerulosa
adrenal medulla
answer
zona glomerulosa
question
What are the hormones released by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
cortisol and corticosterone
aldosterone and androgens
mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
answer
epinephrine and norepinephrine
question
Abnormal glucocorticoid production by the adrenal glands results in __________.
adrenogenital and gynecomastia syndrome
Addison disease and Cushing disease
seasonal affective disorder
hypo- and hyperaldosterism
answer
Addison disease and Cushing disease
question
Which of the following statements about the pineal gland is INCORRECT?
It is found in the diencephalon of the brain.
It produces melatonin.
It is important in maintaining the circadian rhythms, or day-night cycles, of an individual.
It secretes androgens, along with the gonads.
answer
It secretes androgens, along with the gonads.
question
The pancreas lies in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and the small intestine in the __________.
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
cranial cavity
pelvic cavity
answer
abdominopelvic cavity
question
Which hormones are produced by the pancreatic islets that regulate blood glucose concentrations?
insulin and glucagon
leptin and resistin
calcitonin and calcitriol
cortisol and androgens
answer
insulin and glucagon
question
Common diabetic-related medical problems include which of the following?
muscular weakness
low blood pressure
partial or complete blindness
neurological disorders
answer
partial or complete blindness
question
One of the major effects of ANP produced by the heart is that it __________.
constricts peripheral blood vessels
promotes water retention at the kidneys
decreases thirst
assists with the production of red blood cells
answer
decreases thirst
question
Which hormone, released from adipose tissue, causes somatic cells to become less responsive to insulin?
aldosterone
glucagon
resistin
leptin
answer
resistin
question
The additive effects of growth hormone (GH) and glucocorticoids illustrate the __________.
synergistic effect
permissive effect
integrative effect
antagonistic effect
answer
synergistic effect
question
The differing but complementary effects of calcitriol and parathyroid hormone on tissues involved in calcium metabolism illustrate the __________.
antagonistic effect
additive effect
integrative effect
permissive effect
answer
integrative effect
question
Insulin is important to normal growth because it promotes __________.
providing adequate amounts of energy and nutrients to growing cells
absorption of calcium salts for deposition in the bone
normal development of the nervous system
All of the listed responses are correct.
answer
providing adequate amounts of energy and nutrients to growing cells
question
Which type of pancreatic cell produces glucagon?
beta cell
delta cell
F cell
alpha cell
answer
alpha cell
question
In children, when sex hormones are produced prematurely, the obvious behavioral changes will cause the child to be __________.
lethargic and docile
aggressive and assertive
regressive and retarded
overweight and disgruntled
answer
aggressive and assertive
question
The hormone secreted in large amounts by the thyroid gland that contains four iodine ions is __________.
triiodothyronine
thyroglobulin
calcitonin
thyroxine
answer
thyroxine
question
The specialized cells in the parathyroid glands that secrete parathormone are __________.
follicular epithelial cells
C cells
cells of the pars distalis
chief cells
answer
chief cells
question
The hormones that are of primary importance to normal growth include __________.
ADH, AVP, E, NE, and PTH
GH, thyroid hormones, insulin, PTH, and reproductive hormones
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, ACTH, LH, and insulin
TSH, ACTH, insulin, parathormone, and LH
answer
GH, thyroid hormones, insulin, PTH, and reproductive hormones
question
The most dramatic functional change that occurs in the endocrine system due to aging is __________.
an overall decrease in circulating hormone levels
a decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones
a decrease in blood and tissue concentrations of ADH and TSH
All of the listed responses are correct.
answer
a decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones
question
All the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, heart, kidneys, adipose, digestive tract, and pancreas are __________.
steroid hormones
catecholamines
amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
answer
peptide hormones
question
The binding of a peptide hormone to its receptor starts a biochemical chain of events that changes the pattern of __________.
diffusion through the lipid portion of the cell membrane
an RNA transcription in the nucleus
calcium ion release or entry into the cell
enzymatic activity within the cell
answer
enzymatic activity within the cell
question
The hypothalamus has a profound effect on endocrine functions through the secretion of __________.
anterior and posterior pituitary hormones
releasing and inhibiting hormones
neurotransmitters involved in reflex activity
All of the listed responses are correct.
answer
releasing and inhibiting hormones
question
A pituitary endocrine cell that is stimulated by a releasing hormone is usually __________.
stimulated or inhibited by the peripheral hormone it controls
also stimulated by the peripheral hormone it controls
not affected by the peripheral hormone it controls
inhibited by the peripheral hormone it controls
answer
inhibited by the peripheral hormone it controls
question
Which of the following pancreatic structures secretes large quantities of an alkaline, enzyme-rich fluid used to digest materials in the duodenum?
alpha cells
delta cells
pancreatic islets
pancreatic acini
answer
pancreatic acini
question
Which of the following does NOT stimulate the release of renin from the kidneys?
a decline in renal blood flow
sympathetic stimulation
parasympathetic stimulation
None of the listed responses is correct.
answer
parasympathetic stimulation
question
The protein hormone prolactin is involved with __________.
production of testosterone
labor contractions and milk ejection
melanin synthesis
production of milk
answer
production of milk
question
The glycoprotein hormone FSH in the male is responsible for __________.
production of interstitial cells in the male
maturation of germinative cells in the gonads
sperm formation and testosterone secretion
The male does not secrete FSH.
answer
sperm formation and testosterone secretion
question
The amino acid-derivative hormone epinephrine is responsible for __________.
increased cardiac activity
glycogen breakdown
release of lipids by adipose tissues
All of the listed responses are correct.
answer
All of the listed responses are correct.
increased cardiac activity
glycogen breakdown
release of lipids by adipose tissues
question
Secretions from which of the following areas of the cortex cause Cushing disease?
zona reticularis
zona fasciculata
adrenal medulla
zona glomerulosa
answer
zona fasciculata
question
Glucocorticoids are hormones produced and secreted by the __________.
cortex of the adrenal glands
cortex of the cerebral hemisphere
medulla of the adrenal glands
somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum
answer
cortex of the adrenal glands
question
The endocrine functions of the kidney and the heart include the production and secretion of which of the following hormones?
renin and angiotensinogen
insulin and glucagons
erythropoietin and atrial natriuretic peptide
epinephrine and norepinephrine
answer
erythropoietin and atrial natriuretic peptide
question
The reproductive system of the male produces which of the following endocrine hormones?
LH and ICSH
inhibin and testosterone
FSH and ICSH
All of the listed responses are correct.
answer
inhibin and testosterone
question
The endocrine tissues of the reproductive system of the female produce __________.
estrogens, inhibin, and progesterone
FSH and LH
androgens and estrogens
All of the listed responses are correct.
answer
estrogens, inhibin, and progesterone
question
Which of the following endocrine disorders would NOT be characterized as a disorder involving growth hormone?
gigantism
Marfan syndrome
pituitary growth failure
acromegaly
answer
Marfan syndrome
question
In adults, changes in the mixtures of hormones reaching the CNS can have significant effects on __________.
intellectual capabilities
memory and learning
emotional states
All of the listed responses are correct
answer
All of the listed responses are correct
intellectual capabilities
memory and learning
emotional states
question
If the effect of two or more hormones is acting together is greater than the sum of each acting alone, then the hormones are said to have a permissive effect.
answer
False
question
In the direct gene activation method of hormone action, the hormone enters the target cell and binds to an intracellular receptor. The activated receptor-hormone complex then alters gene expression to produce the protein that causes the physiological responses that are characteristic of the hormone.
answer
True
question
Insulin and thyroxine arrive at an organ at the same time. Throxine causes an effect on the organ, but insulin does not, why?
answer
The organs cells have receptors for thyroxine but not for insulin.
question
Which of the following is NOT a category of water-soluble hormones?
a. peptides
b. amines
c. eicosanoids
d. steroids
e. proteins
answer
d. steroids
question
The class of adrenal gland hormones that provides resistance to stress, produces anti-inflammatory effects, and promotes normal metabolism to ensure adequate quantities of ATP is
answer
glucocorticoids
question
Increase blood Ca2+ level
answer
parathormone
question
Increases blood glucose level
answer
glucagon
human growth hormone
epinephrine and norepinephrine
cortisol
question
Decreases blood Ca2+ level
answer
calcitonin
question
Decreases blood glucose level
answer
insulin
question
Initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands
answer
prolactin
question
Regulates the body's biological clock
answer
melatonin
question
Stimulates sex hormone production; triggers ovulation
answer
luteinizing hormone
question
Augments fight or flight responses
answer
epinephrine and norepinephrine
question
Regulates metabolism and resistance to stress
answer
cortisol
question
Helps control water and electrolyte homeostasis
answer
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
question
Suppresses release of FSH
answer
inhibin
question
Stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair
answer
androgens
question
Promotes T cell maturation
answer
thymosin
question
Regulates oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development
answer
thyroxine and tri-iodothronine
question
Stimulates protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates lipolysis, and retards use of glucose for ATP production
answer
human grown hormone
question
Inhibits water loss through the kidneys
answer
antidiuretic hormone
aldosterone
question
Stimulates egg and sperm formation
answer
follicle-stimulating hormone
question
Enhances uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milk ejection
answer
oxytocin
question
Stimulates and inhibits secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
answer
hypothalamic regulating hormones
question
Increases skin pigmentation when present in excess
answer
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
question
Stimulates synthesis and release of T3 and T4
answer
thyroid-stimulation hormone
question
Local hormones involved in inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow, and inflammation
answer
prostaglandins
hypothalamic regulating hormones
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