Chapter 16- The Endocrine System

Identify the thyroid gland. A B C D

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A B C D

Identify the pancreas. A B C D

Events of Second Messenger Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? G protein phosphodiesterase protein kinase adenylate cyclase

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? lipid-soluble bound to a protein complex charged protein-based

At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus? A B C D

What unusual amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image? growth hormone mineralocorticoids thyroxine glucocorticoids

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? adenylate cyclase protein kinase C phospholipase C phosphodiesterase

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? tyrosine kinase receptors G proteins intracellular receptors

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3 activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? DAG cAMP IP3 tyrosine kinase

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? ?1 receptors ? receptors ?2 receptors

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? cortisol epinephrine insulin

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell increasing protein kinases phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene activates a protein kinase directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome phosphorylates a protein

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? insulin thyroid hormone cortisol

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? transcription factors chaperone proteins (chaperonins) Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? growth hormone (GH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control secretion of thyroid hormones control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) control secretion of oxytocin

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? oxytocin prolactin (PRL) GH (growth hormone) thyroid hormones

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? oxytocin cortisol antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? posterior pituitary hypothalamus anterior pituitary kidney

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) negative feedback thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) a circadian rhythm of release

Mrs. T has been brought into the ER with severe dehydration. Her daughter reports that Mrs. T lives alone and has recently caught the norovirus, with vomiting and diarrhea for the past two days. Mrs. T seems restless and frightened; has a high fever, rapid respirations and heart rate, and pale skin; and is sweating. Her blood pressure is low. There are several reasons for this woman's dehydration. Can you identify all of them? Pale skin Fever Increased heart rate Vomiting and diarrhea Sweating Rapid breathing Nervousness Weakness

Stress and the Adrenal Gland

As the adrenal gland releases glucocorticoids, which of the following effects may be observed? Decreased blood pressure and volume Decrease in immune system function Lipid breakdown in the liver will increase Increased blood levels of amino acids Increased blood glucose levels Increased water absorption in the kidney

hormones function. stress related.

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______. triggering the hypersecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones triggering the hyposecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses from the posterior pituitary

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following? hypersecretion of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) pancreatic tumor lack of negative feedback by insulin-like growth factors hyposecretion of GH in adulthood

Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______. hyposecretion of dopamine negative feedback by gonadotropins on the anterior pituitary hypersecretion of milk negative feedback by PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone) on the anterior pituitary

What area of the brain is designated by letter A? pineal gland thalamus hypothalamus limbic system

What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary would reduce the amount of urine that is formed? thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin cortisol

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism, as seen in the individual in the center of this image? thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) aldosterone growth hormone (GH) thyroid hormones (TH)

What gland secretes growth hormone? posterior pituitary adrenal cortex thyroid gland anterior pituitary

Undersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones in children causes several of the following conditions. Which of these would NOT be linked to insufficient hormones from the anterior pituitary? failure to sexually mature pituitary dwarfism possible disproportion of body parts all of the listed responses are possible conditions of undersecretion.

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? follicular cells of the thyroid gland hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary

What is the target of thyroid hormones? thyroid anterior pituitary hypothalamus cells of the body

Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones? The thyroid would swell and produce a goiter. A would release less TRH. More thyroid hormone would be produced. B would release more TSH.

Where is the thyroid gland located? at the base of the brain near the hypothalamus posterior to the sternum in the thoracic cavity posterior to the parathyroid glands in the neck adjacent to the trachea in the neck

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the thyroid? calcitonin triiodothyronine thyroid-stimulating hormone thyroxine

What is the significance of the slight swelling (called a goiter) in Krista's neck? The auto-antibodies of Graves' disease have caused inflammation of her thyroid gland. It is unrelated to her condition. It is a sign that her thyroid gland is overactive. Her thyroid gland is producing but not secreting excessive amounts of thyroid hormone.

Under normal conditions, increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood will cause _______. no change in TSH levels a decrease in TSH levels an increase in thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) an increase in TSH levels

Suppose Krista's hyperthyroidism was a result of a tumor that causes the anterior pituitary gland to become overactive. Which of the following would Krista's lab reports likely show? low thyroid hormone, high TSH low thyroid hormone, low TSH high thyroid hormone, high TSH high thyroid hormone, low TSH

Krista's treatment will likely involve destroying or surgically removing her thyroid gland. What effect will this have on her level of TSH? TSH will increase. It will have no effect because TSH is not secreted by the thyroid. TSH will decrease.

You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following? congenital hypothyroidism Graves' disease endemic goiter myxedema

What type of cell is shown at letter C? beta cells parafollicular cells follicular cells parathyroid cells

What material is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle? pure iodine, so the thyroid has a constant supply iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be produced enzymes that produce thyroglobulin thyroid hormones T3 and T4, ready to be immediately released

What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D? calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH) thyroid hormones glucocorticoids

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______. apoptosis of parathyroid cells failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone) malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells All of the listed responses are correct.

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? humoral paracrine neural hormonal

Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism? an increase in calcium ion in circulating blood a decrease in the release of calcium from bones an increase in calcium absorption in the kidney tubule an increase in calcium absorption from food

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result? Less calcium will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys. Bone mass and density will increase. Vitamin D levels in the blood will drop. More calcium will be present in feces.

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? cortisol ADH (vasopressin) aldosterone epinephrine

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased sweating decreased or difficulty breathing decreased insulin secretion decreased cardiac output

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? heart palpitations cool, dry skin low blood glucose slow heart rate

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." pheochromocytoma Cushing's disease Addison's disease

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? angiotensin II ADH (vasopressin) aldosterone cortisol

How is the adrenal gland related to glucose levels? If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, glucose will be lost in the urine. If the adrenal does not produce testosterone, the child will not grow as fast, and his blood glucose will be elevated. If the adrenal does not produce cortisol, the child will not be able to increase blood glucose during illness or stress. If the adrenal does not produce epinephrine, the body will not release glucose during the fight-or-flight response.

The doctor also ordered measurement of Wally's Na+ and K+ levels. How is the adrenal gland related to these? If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. Na+ will build up in the blood. If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. K+ will build up in the blood, and Na+ will be lost in the urine. If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. Both compounds will be lost in the urine. If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. Both compounds will build up in the blood.

The adrenal glands produce several hormones. Based on what Wally's mother has told you, which hormone(s) are not being produced normally in Wally's case? Choose all the correct answers. Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens Epinephrine

Aldosteronism will cause ______. decreased secretion of renin decreased secretion of ANP (atrial naturetic peptide) decreased loss of K+ in the urine None of the listed responses is correct.

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______. blood pressure gluconeogenesis plasma glucose levels All of the listed responses are correct.

Adrenocortical androgens are normally converted in females into estrogens. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______. negative feedback that inhibits estrogen production conversion of estrogens into testosterone insufficient level of enzymes that convert androgens into estrogens increased testosterone secretion

Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system? the presence of axons capable of secreting substances that are capable of increasing heart rate secretion of epinephrine secretion of norepinephrine All of the listed responses are correct.

What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when the body is under stress? atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) angiotensin II

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands? The body becomes parasympathetically activated. An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart. Blood potassium levels fall. A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.

When blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases glucose. The pancreas releases insulin. The liver releases insulin. The liver releases glucagon. The pancreas releases glucagon.

A liver cell responds to insulin by Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Releasing insulin. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Releasing glucagon. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Liver cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. Cells in the pancreas. Intestinal cells. Muscle cells.

Body cells that respond to insulin include Liver cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Liver cells and muscle cells only. Intestinal cells only. Muscle cells only.

When blood glucose levels are low The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called diabetes. homeostasis. negative feedback. positive feedback. None of the above.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of sugar balance. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system gradually destroys the cells that produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin. Insulin plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. What is its role? Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood. Insulin is necessary for digested carbohydrates to be absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood; without insulin, less sugar enters the blood. Insulin controls the rate of carbohydrate digestion; without insulin, less sugar enters the blood. Insulin is needed for cells to metabolize glucose; without insulin, cells will fill with unused glucose.

You would expect high levels of blood glucose and the presence of glucose and ketones in Mr. Gutteman's urine if: His pancreas is secreting too little insulin. His pancreas is secreting too much insulin. His liver is secreting too much glucagon. His liver is secreting too little insulin.

Mr. Gutteman's blood and urine tests are negative for glucose and ketones. However, Mr. Gutteman is losing large amounts of water in urine, and the volume lost is being replaced (via IV). Given this new information, Mr. Gutteman's excessive fluid loss in his urine most likely indicates: A decreased blood level of insulin. An increased blood level of antidiuretic hormone. An increased blood level of aldosterone. A decreased blood level of antidiuretic hormone.

One can predict that a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) excessive thirst All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the cell types would secrete their product if the blood glucose level was rising, as during digestion of a meal? pancreatic acinar cells beta cells alpha cells

All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreas to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one? a rise in blood glucose levels sympathetic activation acetylcholine release on the pancreatic cells a rise in blood amino acid levels

Which of the cell types would secrete their product if the body was under stress, as during an intense workout? alpha cells beta cells pancreatic acinar cells

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? hyperglycemia release of insulin prolonged fasting release of somatostatin

Which of the following is NOT believed to be causally linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)? poor diet regular cardiovascular exercise predisposing genetic factors weight gain

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources creation of glycogen from glucose conversion of glucose to fat breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an absolute insulin deficiency resulting from insulin hyposecretion and requires insulin replacement therapy. Which of the following conditions would NOT be associated with this particular disorder? increased insulin resistance loss of beta-islet cells absence of beta-islet cells destruction of beta-islet cells

The three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus would include excesses in all of the following EXCEPT __________. hunger respiration urination thirst