Psychology Unit 4 Quiz Questions

People are most inclined to like those who are nearby. This most clearly illustrates the association between ________ and interpersonal attraction. a. proximity b. equity c. physical arousal d. beauty

Felippe, a 19-year-old university freshman, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with a. Erez, who is quiet and passive. b. Toren, who is talkative and assertive. c. Fabio, who is politically liberal and talkative. d. Tom, who is intelligent and quiet.

The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain a. companionate love. b. altruism. c. the mere exposure effect. d. passionate love.

Oxytocin is a hormone that has been found to promote feelings of a. envy. b. anger. c. trust. d. anonymity.

Three keys to an enduring companionate love include a. the reciprocity norm, bystander intervention, and passionate love. b. superordinate goals, mirror-image perceptions, and GRIT. c. equity, self-disclosure, and positive support. d. self-disclosure, altruism, and social responsibility.

Roberto won 5 million dollars in the lottery. He secretly gave 2 million dollars to a homeless shelter without anyone knowing who gave the money. Roberto's behavior can be described as a. altruism b. equity c. social exchange d. the reciprocity norm

The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them is called the a. social-responsibility norm. b. self-fulfilling prophecy. c. equity norm. d. reciprocity norm.

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through a. conciliation. b. pacifism. c. third-party mediation. d. intimidation.

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as a. mirror-image perceptions. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the self-fulfilling prophecy. d. companionate love.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that a. most children perceive themselves to be physically unattractive. b. adults' incomes are unrelated to whether they are plain looking or very attractive. c. young adults' physical attractiveness fails to predict their frequency of dating. d. babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more a. reciprocal. b. equitable. c. intelligent. d. sexually attractive.

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of a. equity theory. b. the two-factor theory of emotion. c. the mere exposure effect. d. social exchange theory.

In the television program Seinfeld, George tried to make himself more attractive to a woman he just met by leaving his keys at her house, showing up at her place of work, and shopping at a store she frequented. He believed that his frequent appearances would cause her to like him. George is attempting to use a. a self-fulfilling prophecy. b. self-disclosure. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the mere exposure effect.

Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their a. attitudes. b. intelligence. c. physical appearance. d. superordinate goals.

Her neighbor could not afford to repair the roof on her house, so Tijuana secretly hired and paid for a contractor to repair the roof. The neighbor never knew who was responsible. Tijuana's actions are an example of a. altruism. b. social exchange. c. equity. d. the reciprocity norm.

As Adrienne walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Adrienne will a. help the woman by calling an ambulance. b. fail to notice the older woman's problem. c. experience a sense of empathy for the older woman. d. experience contempt for the older woman.

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the a. mere exposure effect. b. social responsibility theory. c. social exchange theory. d. bystander effect.

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from a. the ingroup bias. b. superordinate goals. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the reciprocity norm.

When a man fell onto New York subway tracks, Wesley Autrey risked his own life to save the man. His action best illustrates a. the scapegoat theory. b. the reciprocity norm. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the social-responsibility norm.

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of a. self-fulfilling prophecies. b. non-zero-sum games. c. the mere exposure effect. d. social responsibility.

In a science fiction story about hostile aliens invading Earth, the major conflicting political powers join together to combat the extraterrestrial threat. Generalizing from Muzafer Sherif's research, it would be safe to conclude that this act of cooperative behavior would lead to a. increased conflict over which group should get the most credit for defeating the aliens. b. altruism on a national level rather than on a social group level. c. alienation, antagonism, and increased levels of conflict once the threat is over. d. reduced conflict and increased harmony between the major powers.

Compared with randomly paired people, friends are more likely to share the same attitudes and beliefs. This best illustrates the association between ________ and attraction. a. self-disclosure b. proximity c. similarity d. equity

Hannah and Deshaun are both pediatric surgeons and have just performed a particularly difficult operation on a young child. Afterward, they both feel a high level of physical arousal, which they interpret as physical attraction and romantic feelings for each other. Hannah and Deshaun are experiencing a. passionate love. b. self-disclosure. c. altruism. d. companionate love.

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of a. equity. b. a social trap. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the reciprocity norm.

When conflicts between parties become intense, a third-party mediator will try to help these parties reach a. superordinate goals. b. mirror-image perceptions. c. altruistic goals. d. a mutually beneficial resolution.

A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the cruel treatment they receive best illustrates a. the just-world phenomenon. b. outgroup homogeneity. c. ingroup bias. d. the frustration-aggression principle.

Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of a. the frustration-aggression principle. b. scapegoat theory. c. the other-race effect. d. the just-world phenomenon.

Among both teenage boys and adult men, delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration have been linked with higher-than-average levels of a. physical attractiveness. b. unconscious patronization. c. stereotyping. d. testosterone.

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when a. there are striking differences of opinion among group members. b. self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced. c. false stereotypes influence perceptions of others. d. an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.

Shortly after learning that he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of a. ingroup bias. b. the hindsight bias. c. the frustration-aggression principle. d. social scripts.

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of a. sexual discrimination. b. stereotypes. c. blaming the victim. d. social scripts.

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in a. blaming the victim. b. discrimination. c. social scripts. d. stereotyping.

Although Americans' approval of interracial marriage has soared over the past half-century, many still admit that they would feel uncomfortable with someone of another race in socially intimate settings. This admission best illustrates a. racial prejudice. b. the other-race effect. c. stereotyping. d. ingroup bias.

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of a. social scripts. b. explicit prejudice. c. implicit prejudice. d. discrimination.

Among the following countries, the percentage of newborn children who are girls is largest in a. the United States. b. India. c. South Korea. d. China.

Most people feel ________ positively about women in general than about men in general. Women tend to like women ________ than men like men. a. less; less b. more; less c. more; more d. less; more

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of a. the frustration-aggression principle. b. implicit associations. c. the hindsight bias. d. outgroup homogeneity.

Violent crime and spousal abuse rates have been found to be higher during a. hotter months. b. rainy days. c. holiday weekends. d. political elections.

The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them is called the a. self-fulfilling prophecy. b. social-responsibility norm. c. reciprocity norm. d. equity norm.

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through a. third-party mediation. b. pacifism. c. intimidation. d. conciliation.

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as a. the mere exposure effect. b. the self-fulfilling prophecy. c. companionate love. d. mirror-image perceptions.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that a. babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces. b. adults' incomes are unrelated to whether they are plain looking or very attractive. c. young adults' physical attractiveness fails to predict their frequency of dating. d. most children perceive themselves to be physically unattractive.

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of a. social exchange theory. b. the two-factor theory of emotion. c. the mere exposure effect. d. equity theory.

In the television program Seinfeld, George tried to make himself more attractive to a woman he just met by leaving his keys at her house, showing up at her place of work, and shopping at a store she frequented. He believed that his frequent appearances would cause her to like him. George is attempting to use a. the mere exposure effect. b. a self-fulfilling prophecy. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. self-disclosure.

Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their a. physical appearance. b. attitudes. c. superordinate goals. d. intelligence.

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from a. the mere exposure effect. b. superordinate goals. c. the ingroup bias. d. the reciprocity norm.

When a man fell onto New York subway tracks, Wesley Autrey risked his own life to save the man. His action best illustrates a. the reciprocity norm. b. the scapegoat theory. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the social-responsibility norm.

In a science fiction story about hostile aliens invading Earth, the major conflicting political powers join together to combat the extraterrestrial threat. Generalizing from Muzafer Sherif's research, it would be safe to conclude that this act of cooperative behavior would lead to a. reduced conflict and increased harmony between the major powers. b. increased conflict over which group should get the most credit for defeating the aliens. c. alienation, antagonism, and increased levels of conflict once the threat is over. d. altruism on a national level rather than on a social group level.

Hannah and Deshaun are both pediatric surgeons and have just performed a particularly difficult operation on a young child. Afterward, they both feel a high level of physical arousal, which they interpret as physical attraction and romantic feelings for each other. Hannah and Deshaun are experiencing a. altruism. b. passionate love. c. self-disclosure. d. companionate love.

When conflicts between parties become intense, a third-party mediator will try to help these parties reach a. mirror-image perceptions. b. a mutually beneficial resolution. c. superordinate goals. d. altruistic goals.

Julius begins to yawn while he and his girlfriend are studying together. Soon his girlfriend and even his dog begin to yawn. This best illustrates a. social facilitation. b. social loafing. c. deindividuation. d. the chameleon effect.

Alexandra is well liked by her friends, most likely because she mimics their gestures and seems to match their moods. Researchers would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of a. authenticity. b. empathy. c. prejudice. d. subjectivity.

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines a. even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect. b. only when the group was composed of at least six members. c. only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment. d. even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment.

Individuals are likely to conform to the responses of other group members if they ________ already publically committed themselves to their own personal response and if they know that others in the group ________ observe their own personal response. a. have not; will not b. have not; will c. have; will not d. have; will

Social norms are best described as a. rules for socially expected and accepted behavior. b. people's explanations for their own behaviors. c. feelings that predispose our reactions to events. d. generalized beliefs about various groups of people.

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of a. informational social influence. b. normative social influence. c. social facilitation. d. deindividuation.

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of a. social facilitation. b. cognitive dissonance. c. informational social influence. d. normative social influence.

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because a. the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. b. the "learners" made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances. c. the "learners" obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest. d. the "teachers" actually enjoyed shocking another person.

Jada and Ty are concerned that their 15-year-old daughter, Tonya, has friends who may encourage her to violate their rules. They tell Tonya that she cannot hang out with these friends, so she begins sneaking out of the house at night to be with them. Tonya's response to her parent's rules illustrates a. the chameleon effect. b. conformity. c. normative social influence. d. personal control.

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink? a. "As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this issue." b. "Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?" c. "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue." d. "To proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group members."

A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact without outside moderating influences best illustrates a. social loafing. b. mood linkage. c. deindividuation. d. group polarization.

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which a. little communication is possible. b. individuals have not formed any opinion. c. each individual has a unique perspective. d. individuals share a similar opinion.

Professor Janis was hired to help the campus police avoid riots after football game losses. He knows these riots are caused by situations that foster deindividuation. To help counteract deindividuation, the authorities should a. increase self-awareness. b. increase antisocial behavior. c.. increase feelings of anonymity. d. increase arousal.

After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of a. deindividuation. b. groupthink. c. cognitive dissonance. d. social facilitation.

Drew is working on a class project in which he needs a high grade because the class is required for his major. The others in his group are aware of that and also know that Drew is an excellent student. Drew finds that the others are depending on him to do the vast majority of the work. The others in Drew's group are demonstrating a. group polarization. b. cognitive dissonance. c.social loafing. d. social facilitation.

Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among a. students who are each assigned a different topic for their course term papers. b. audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced. c. factory workers paid on the basis of individual level of productivity. d. a group of runners competing for first place in a race.

Tyree is a skilled cyclist. When practicing on a stationary bike, his coach finds that when the women's cycling team enters the gym, his speed seems to increase significantly. Tyree's increase in speed illustrates a. social facilitation. b. group polarization. c. mood linkage. d. deindividuation.

The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because a. group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in a group. b. the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity. c. an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates free riding. d. arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks.

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to a. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. b. lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity. c. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. d. neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.

To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were a. conforming to group pressure. b. winding fishing reels. c. judging the lengths of lines. d. mimicking emotions.

The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by a. the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments. b. President John F. Kennedy's ill-fated decision to invade Cuba. c. the increased number of suicides shortly after Marilyn Monroe's highly publicized death. d. the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese just outside her New York apartment.

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that a. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive. b. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives. c. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction. d. people value their personal freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when a. they saw how "learners" who disobeyed the experimenter were punished. b. they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter. c. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher." d. the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves.

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was ________ the experimenter and ________ the "learner." a. far from; far from b. close to; close to c. far from; close to d. close to; far from

The high levels of obedience in the Milgram experiments are LEAST likely to be attributable to a. the placement of "teacher" and "learner" in separate rooms. b. an aspect of gender-related behavior found only in males. c. the perceived legitimacy of the commanding authority figure. d. the very gradual increase in shock level ordered after each new learning error.

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another. a. understand, feel about, and behave toward b. think about, influence, and relate to c. understand, predict, and control d. observe, understand, and communicate with

Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates a. an attitude. b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. a dispositional attribution. d. a situational attribution.

Sixteen-year-old Gregory wrecked his parent's car on a snowy day. His parents assumed that the accident was caused by his carelessness and lack of concern for their car. Gregory's parents' assumption illustrates a. a dispositional attribution. b. a situational attribution. c. an attitude. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. b. central route persuasion. c. cognitive dissonance. d. the fundamental attribution error.

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude? a. cognitive dissonance theory b. persuasion theory c. role-playing theory d. attribution theory

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are a. inconsistent. b. reciprocated. c. implicit. d. conciliatory.

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study a. became a cohesive unit when they pursued superordinate goals. b. found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard. c. were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores. d. were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

Studies of role playing most directly highlight the effects of a. actions on cognitive dissonance. b. an audience on central route persuasion. c. actions on attitudes. d. group size on persuasion.

A life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon would be most likely to a. ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life insurance. b. emphasize that his company is one of the largest in the insurance industry. c. promise a free gift to those who agree to purchase an insurance policy. d. address customers by their first names.

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean war, Chinese communists made effective use of a. central route persuasion. b. role playing. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. attribution theory.

A television commercial for a fast-food restaurant shows three women in bikinis eating the restaurant's triple decker hamburger. This commercial best illustrates a. central route persuasion. b. cognitive dissonance. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. peripheral route persuasion.

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates a. cognitive dissonance. b. peripheral route persuasion. c. central route persuasion. d. attributions.

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called a. attributions. b. attitudes. c. dissonance. d. roles.

overty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of ________ by political liberals and in terms of ________ by political conservatives. a. personal dispositions; situational constraints b. situational influences; role playing c. role playing; personal dispositions d. situational constraints; personal dispositions

The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people a. are victims of discrimination. b. are irresponsible and unmotivated. c. have parents who provided poor models of social responsibility. d. attended schools that provided an inferior education.

dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________. a. central route persuasion; peripheral route persuasion b. personality traits; assigned roles c. high ability; low motivation d. politically liberal; politically conservative

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value a. individualism. b. collectivism. c. attributions. d. role playing.

One explanation for the fundamental attribution error involves observers' a. limited visual perspective. b. central route persuasion. c. cognitive dissonance. d. role playing.

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor. a. attitude b. situational attribution c. foot-in-the-door phenomenon d. role playing

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we a. can easily recall our attitudes. b. are exposed to cognitive dissonance. c. experience the fundamental attribution error. d. feel incompetent or insecure.

In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of a. role playing. b. attributions. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. actions on attitudes.

In atrocious situations such as Zimbardo's simulated prison, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. This best illustrates a. the interactive influence of persons and situations. b. attribution theory. c. peripheral route persuasion. d. central route persuasion.

When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of a. role-playing theory. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. cognitive dissonance theory. d. central route persuasion.

We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone a. in a variety of situations. b. we dislike. c. who is wealthy. d. who is unemployed.

Jonathan, as a new police officer, believed that his job was to help people in the community. His partner, who is an experienced officer, told Jonathan that being a good officer involved looking for any reason to arrest and detain others. Jonathan now spends his day trying to arrest as many people as possible. Based on the findings of Zimbardo's prison study, Jonathan's change in attitude about his job illustrates the impact of a. attributions. b. cognitive dissonance. c. peripheral route persuasion. d. role playing on attitudes.