chapter 18 Practice Test

The nervous and endocrine systems act together to help to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system acts through nerve impulses while the endocrine system uses hormones to control body activities. (False) The endocrine uses neurotransmitters for communication while the nervous system communicates using hormones. Neurotransmitters and hormones may both exert effects by binding to target cell receptors. The endocrine system responds slowly while the nervous system responds quickly.

they are mediator molecules released in one part of the body but regulating the activity of cells in other parts of the body most hormones enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream (false) hormones acts on muscles and glands only hormones exert their effects by binding to receptors on or in the "target" cells

Hypothalamus Pancreas Ovaries Kidneys All of these glands are correct

Down-regulation may occur if a hormone is present in excess. (F) Down- regulation results in an increase in the number of target-cell receptors. In up-regulation, a target cell becomes more sensitive to a hormone. If a hormone is present in excess, the number of target cell receptors decreases.

True

True

Down-regulation

local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

a paracrine

-The concentration of the hormone in the blood -The number of hormone receptors on the target cell -Influences exerted by other hormones

cAMP

-They are lipid soluble -(False)Receptors are located on the cell membrane -They act on the DNA level -They work through intracellular receptors

attach to specific transport proteins

-Effects of epinephrine in stimulating lipolysis is increased when small amounts of thyroid hormones are present. - Permissive effect -Two hormones acting together exert a greater effect than either acting alone - Synergistic effect -Insulin promotes synthesis of glycogen by liver cells while glucagon stimulates glycogen break down in liver. - Antagonistic effect -(F)Development of oocytes in ovaries requires both follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen - Permissive effect

true

neural signals -blood chemistry changes -other hormones -(F)cerebral spinal fluid changes

True

True

-The hypothalamohypophyseal tract extends from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to the posterior pituitary. -The supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus secrete antidiuretic hormone. -(F)Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones are released into the capillary plexus of the infundibular process of the anterior pituitary.

calcitonin

Anterior Pituitary

anterior pituitary

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown

Hypothalamus

hypothalamus of the brain

hypophyseal portal veins

-(F)parathyroid gland -thyroid gland -adrenal cortex -ovaries

human growth hormone (hGH)

human growth hormone (hGH)

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone

diabetes insipidis

Decrease

Iodine and tyrosine

False

-(F)Thyroid hormones decrease metabolic rate. -Thyroid hormones function in maintenance of normal body temperature. -Thyroid glands help to regulate metabolism -Thyroid hormone up-regulate beta receptors. -Thyroid hormones decrease metabolic rate and thyroid hormone up-regulate beta receptors are both incorrect.

Iodine

T3

Iodine and tyrosine

False

True

low levels of calcium ion in the blood

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

PTH

Parathyroid

False

-Control of glucocortacoids secretion occurs by negative feedback. -The renin-angiotensin pathway controls secretion of aldosterone. -Chromaffin cells are under autonomic control ()All of these statements are correct.

True

Cortisol

zona glomerulosa

zona fasciculata, influence protein and fat metabolism, and promote vasoconstriction

Norepinephrine

Glucocorticoids

ACTH

Adrenal Medulla

True

True

Beta

Pancreas

True

Relaxin

-More melatonin is released during darkness than in light. -Melatonin is thought to promote sleep. -Melatonin is thought to contribute to the setting of the body's biological clock. -(F)The hypothalamus secretes melatonin. -Melatonin is an amino acid hormone derived from serotonin.

Brain

Pineal gland

5 is incorrectly matched

True

Calcitrol

are eicosanoids that act as local hormones in most body tissues.

all cells except red blood cells

prostaglandins

True

-The fight-or-flight response begins with hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla. -The fight-or-flight response rapidly increases circulation, promotes ATP production and decreases nonessential activities. -The resistance reaction is initiated by releasing hormones of the hypothalamus and involves longer lasting reactions and acceleration of processes which produce ATP. -Exhaustion results from depletion of body resources during the resistance stage. ()-All of these statements are correct.

False

CRH, TRH, and GHRH

Mesoderm; ectoderm

hGH

-Grave's disease -(F)hyperparathyroidism -goiter -hypothyroidism -hyperthyroidism

pheochromocytoma

Cushing's syndrome

premature closing of the epiphyseal plates

glycosuria, polyuria, ketosis, and hyperglycemia

over 35 years in age

diabetes mellitus

-Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass. -Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction. -(F)Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle. -Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes. -ADH promotes water loss.