Chapter 45 - Bio 1201

Hormones are _____. A. produced only in response to environmental stress B. chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph C. signals that must interact with DNA in order to be effective D. are all under the control of the pituitary gland E. always proteins

The hormone epinephrine causes opposite effects in two populations of target cells because _____. A. epinephrine can only reach target cells in adipose tissue, as it is fat-soluble B. the chemical form of epinephrine released by neurons is different from the epinephrine released by endocrine cells C. epinephrine activates biochemical pathways in one set of target cells but works only by changing gene expression in the other set of target cells D. epinephrine crosses the membrane on one set of target cells but binds to membrane-bound receptors in the other set of target cells E. each set of target cells has different receptor-transduction mechanisms

Oxytocin secretion and milk release from the mammary glands of lactating female mammals are initiated by _____. A. the secretion of the pancreatic hormone called glucagon B. a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to the smell of the baby C. estrogens from the ovaries D. the physical sensation of the baby sucking at the nipple E. the level of fullness in the breast, based on the rate of milk synthesis

In their mechanism of action, a difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones is that _____. A. lipid-soluble hormones activate a "second messenger" pathway B. water-soluble hormones cross the plasma membrane more readily than do lipid-soluble hormones C. water-soluble hormones bind reversibly to DNA D. lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA E. the water-soluble hormones travel only in the blood, and the lipid-soluble hormones travel only in the lymphatic fluid

The counter-regulatory functions of the pancreas refer to the fact that it _____. A. releases one hormone that increases urine production and another hormone that reduces urine production B. releases acetylcholine when a person is calm, and epinephrine when a person is frightened or exercising C. releases one hormone that increases body temperature (fever) and another that decreases body temperature D. releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them E. releases one hormone that increases heart rate and another that decreases heart rate

This disorder typically arises prior to puberty and is generally treated by injections of the hormone missing from the affected individual's bloodstream. A. hyperthyroidism B. Type II diabetes mellitus C. Type I diabetes mellitus D. hypothyroidism E. cachexia

The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in that _____. A. the posterior pituitary gland synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone whereas the anterior lobe receives all of its hormone products in the blood B. the anterior lobe of the pituitary is nervous tissue that connects directly to the brain whereas the posterior pituitary is derived from non-neural tissues C. the posterior lobe of the pituitary operates independently of the brain whereas the anterior lobe is directly dependent on brain activity D. the anterior lobe of the pituitary receives neuronal impulses from brain cells whereas the posterior lobe receives blood-borne hormones E. many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues

How does the adrenal gland respond to stress? A. The adrenal medulla secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in response to long-term stress. B. The adrenal cortex secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress. C. The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in response to short-term stress. D. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to long-term stress. E. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress.

Jet lag occurs when a person moves rapidly from one time zone to another, causing conflict between the body's biological rhythm and the new cycle of light and dark. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as _____. A. epinephrine B. insulin C. prolactin D. estrogen E. melatonin

Which category of signal exerts its effects on target cells by binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins? A. neurohormones B. neurohormones, estrogens, androgens, and vitamin D C. vitamin D D. estrogens E. androgens

Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because A. a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways. B. the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system. C. different target cells have different sets of genes. D. each cell converts that hormone to a different metabolite. E. the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets.

The endocrine glands include the A. salivary glands. B. sweat glands. C. parathyroid glands. D. gallbladder. E. sebaceous glands.

Testosterone is an example of A. an estrogen. B. an androgen. C. an adrenal steroid. D. a catecholamine. E. a progestin.

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's A. target cell. B. regulatory cell. C. plasma cell. D. secretory cell. E. endocrine cell.

Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from A. fatty acids. B. oligosaccharides. C. amino acids. D. nitric oxide. E. steroids.

The endocrine system relies on _____ that _____ all of the cells of the body. A.hormones ... reach B. hormones ... target C. nerves ... reach D. nerves ... target E. the nervous system ... interconnects

A cell releases a cytokine, which binds to, and acts on, a neighboring cell. This represents an example of _____. A. paracrine signaling B. autocrine signaling C. endocrine signaling D. neuroendocrine signaling E. synaptic signaling

Which example below is a true statement about the differences between hormones and neurotransmitters? A. Neurotransmitters produce slow, long-acting responses whereas hormones produce rapid, brief responses. B. Neurotransmitters are released from ductless glands into the blood whereas hormones are secreted into synapses. C. Some endocrine glands release neurotransmitters, but no nervous tissue releases hormones. D. Neurotransmitters are secreted chemicals that diffuse a short distance, whereas hormones travel through the bloodstream to the target cell. E. All of the listed responses are correct.

Which is an accurate statement regarding the difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones? A. Steroid hormones are made from lipids; nonsteroid hormones are made from one or more amino acids. B. Nonsteroid hormones can pass through cell membranes; most steroid hormones cannot. C. Nonsteroid hormones attach to receptors in the cytoplasm; steroid hormones attach to membrane-bound receptors. D. Steroid hormones inactivate genes; nonsteroid hormones directly activate genes. E. Steroid hormones are produced by endocrine glands; nonsteroid hormones are produced by nervous tissue.

Because most chemical signals are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they initiate results from _____. A. ligand binding B. the activation of a signal transduction pathway C. direct stimulation of the cell's DNA D. the enzymatic behavior of the signal molecule E. binding to intracellular receptors

What is the role of a second messenger in hormone action? A. It signals a cell to secrete a hormone. B. It informs a gland as to whether its hormones are having an effect. C. It relays a hormone's message inside a target cell. D. It stops hormone action when it is no longer needed. E. All of the listed responses are correct.

What result would you expect following the binding of epinephrine to an α-type epinephrine receptor? A. Blood flow to the intestines decreases. B. Blood flow to the skeletal muscles increases. C. Protein kinase A is activated D. Glycogen is broken down. E. Glucose is released from the cell.

Which of the following hormones is thought to act at the cellular level by inducing a change in gene expression? A. prostaglandin B. prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) C. estrogen D. nitric oxide E. epinephrine

Which example below is a role of nitric oxide (NO), a local regulator? A. When oxygen levels fall, nitric oxide activates an enzyme that relaxes smooth muscle. This dilates blood vessels and improves blood flow. B. When secreted by certain white blood cells, NO stimulates the reproduction of some bacteria and cancer cells. C. NO decreases the blood flow into the penis, producing an erection. D. In the nervous system, NO serves as a cell surface receptor. E. All of the listed responses are correct.

Ibuprofen is known for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties because it inhibits the synthesis of _____. A. epinephrine B. nitric oxide C. steroid hormones D. prostaglandins E. estrogens

Which of the following conditions in a silkworm moth would result in metamorphosis from pupa to adult? A. high concentration of juvenile hormone and prothoracicotropic hormone B. low concentration of juvenile hormone and low prothoracicotropic hormone C. high concentration of juvenile hormone and low concentration of ecdysteroid D. low concentration of juvenile hormone and high concentration of ecdysteroid E. high concentration of both juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid

In insects, ecdysteroid is released _____. A.from neurosecretory cells in the brain B. in response to prothoracicotropic hormone C. only when juvenile hormone levels are low D. from the insect's cocoon E. in response to stress in the insect

Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in the hormone _____. A. secretin B. epinephrine C. glycogen D. glucagon E. insulin

Which sequence below correctly describes the maintenance of glucose synthesis? A. low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells B. low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells C. high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, insulin released, uptake of glucose by target cells D. high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, glycogen synthesis in liver E. None of the listed responses is correct.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus _____. A. is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas B. is a common disorder in overweight individuals older than 40 C. is treated by improving insulin receptor efficiency rather than by giving insulin D. is the most common form of the disease; more than 90% of all diabetics have type 1 diabetes E. can be controlled for many years with exercise and a proper diet

Which of the following hormones have antagonistic effects? A. oxytocin and prolactin B. insulin and glucagon C. growth hormone and epinephrine D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E. epinephrine and adrenaline

Which of the following endocrine organs only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus? A. thyroid B. adrenal cortex C. adrenal medulla D. anterior pituitary E. posterior pituitary

As a young girl, Maria suffered a head injury that damaged her pituitary. An injury to the pituitary is particularly serious because of all the functions controlled by this gland. As Maria got older, she and her doctors found that all of the following EXCEPT her _____ were affected. A. metabolic rate B. growth C. menstrual cycle D. water regulation E. blood sugar level

A doctor might give an expectant mother _____ to stimulate uterine contractions and induce labor. A. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B. thyroxine C. oxytocin D. insulin E. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

The regulation of water volume in the blood involves which hormone? A. oxytocin B. insulin C. FSH D. ADH E. glucagon

How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary? A. The hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete GH. B. The hypothalamus sends a hormone to the target cells that makes them receptive to GH. C. Feedback from the target cells is sent to the posterior pituitary, which signals the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary. D. The hypothalamus stimulates an action potential in the posterior pituitary, which then sends a releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary. E. None of the listed responses is correct.

Which of the following is a neurohormone secreted by the posterior pituitary? A. insulin B. oxytocin C. ACTH D. epinephrine E. ACTH

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are tropic hormones that are also known as _____. A. gonadotropins B. prostaglandins C. neurohormones D. cytokines E. androgens

Which of the following hormones specifically act(s) to trigger secretion of hormones by another endocrine gland? A. thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) B. prolactin C. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Which is a correct statement about prolactin? A. It is produced by the posterior pituitary in all vertebrates. B. It regulates the balance between salt and water in saltwater fish such as the barracuda. C. It regulates larval development in beetles and grasshoppers. D. It controls fat metabolism and reproduction in birds. E. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk in birds.

The mammary glands of a pregnant female will begin to produce milk in response to changes in the level of which of the following hormones? A. prolactin B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. estrogen D. luteinizing hormone (LH) E. oxytocin

The major tropic action of growth hormone is to signal the _____ to release _____. A. thyroid ... T3 and T4 B. pancreas ... glucagon C. liver ... insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) D. hypothalamus ... thyroid-releasing hormone E. adrenal medulla ... epinephrine

How is the level of thyroxine in the blood regulated? A. Thyroxine stimulates the pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). B. TSH inhibits the secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland. C. TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) inhibits the secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. D. Thyroxine stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH. E. High levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the secretion of TRH and TSH.

Which disorder is correctly matched with its cause? A. pituitary dwarfism ... hyposecretion of growth hormone B. acromegaly ... hypersecretion of thyroxine C. diabetes mellitus ... hyposecretion of glycogen D. diabetes mellitus ... hypersecretion of insulin E. acromegaly ... hyposecretion of growth hormone

Which is a correct statement about the thyroid gland? A. It produces the lipid class of hormones. B. Fluorine is essential to proper thyroid function. C. Thyroid hormones trigger the change of an aquatic tadpole into a terrestrial bullfrog. D. Goiter is caused by hyperthyroidism. E. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, two of the thyroid hormones, are steroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism, typically characterized by a high metabolic rate and high blood pressure, might be expected when _____. A. the pituitary secretes high concentrations of thyroxine B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high C. thyroxine concentration is low D. the production of TSH-releasing factor is inhibited E. a person has an iodine deficiency

A goiter may form because _____. A. the thyroid cannot release T3 and T4 so the hormones build up in the gland B. low blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop, and an overload of TRH causes enlargement of the gland C. low blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the negative feedback loop, and an overload of TSH causes enlargement of the gland D. There is too much iodine in the diet E. None of the listed responses is correct.

How does parathyroid hormone affect levels of Ca2+ in the blood? A. When Ca2+ levels fall, PTH increases the matrix of bone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in the small intestines. B. When Ca2+ levels rise, PTH stimulates the uptake of calcium in bones and the release of calcium in urine. C. When Ca2+ levels fall, PTH stimulates bone cells to decompose the matrix of bone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in the renal tubules. D. When Ca2+ levels rise, PTH stimulates the conversion of vitamin D to its active hormonal form in the kidneys and facilitates accumulation of calcium in bones. E. When Ca2+ levels fall, PTH stimulates the conversion of vitamin D in the liver and stimulates bone cells to decompose the matrix of bone.

Which of the following hormones has the broadest range of targets? A. ADH B. oxytocin C. TSH D. epinephrine E. ACTH

Which statement below about the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla is correct? A. They are synthesized from the cholesterol. B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines. C. They decrease the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscles. D. They decrease the rate of oxygen delivery to body cells. E. They are released in response to FSH.

Which of the following statements about the adrenal medulla is correct? A. The hormones it produces cause the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water. B. It produces steroid hormones. C. It cannot function in hormone production without releasing hormone (RH) from the hypothalamus. D. The gland is stimulated by nerve signals carried from the brain. E. It secretes hormones that suppress inflammation and control pain.

Which of the following endocrine glands releases steroid hormones? A. anterior pituitary B. posterior pituitary C. adrenal medulla D. adrenal cortex E. pineal gland

Which of the following is a problem with the long-term use of glucocorticoids, such as cortisone, to treat inflammation? A. long-term elevated blood pressure B. suppression of the immune system C. low blood glucose levels D. abnormal blood clotting, which leads to excessive bruising E. sleeplessness

Anabolic steroids, sometimes taken illegally by athletes and bodybuilders, are synthetic substitutes for natural _____ produced in the _____. A. testosterone ... anterior pituitary B. FSH and LH ... posterior pituitary C. progestin ... testes D. androgens ... gonads E. estrogens ... anterior pituitary

In the winter, the _____ of vertebrates is apt to produce _____ than in summer months. A. hypothalamus ... less prolactin B. pineal gland ... more melatonin C. hypothalamus ... less melatonin D. pineal gland ... less growth hormone E. adrenal cortex ... more ADH