CH 18 Anatomy By Trying2GetFitOH

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.

Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) Antigens

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time. A) only one B) a few C) fifty D) an unlimited number of

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the suprarenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.

A kinase is an enzyme that performs A) phosphorylation. B) as a membrane channel. C) active transport. D) protein synthesis. E) as an antibody.

An activated G protein can trigger A) the production of diacylglycerol. B) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. C) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. D) a fall in cAMP levels. E) All of the answers are correct.

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.

Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. A) cellular B) tissue C) organ D) organismic E) All of the answers are correct.

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) body D) muscular E) hepatic

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). A) one B) two C) hypothalamic D) gonadotropic E) tropic

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclic AMP E) TSH

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they A) are produced by the suprarenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) thyroid-stimulating hormone. E) melatonin.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C) eicosanoids D) thyroid E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) All of the answers are correct.

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) All of the answers are correct.

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.

When adenyl cyclase is activated, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is produced. E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.

The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of an ion-like potassium B) blood level of glucose C) blood level of a hormone D) nervous stimuli E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) calcitriol E) insulin and epinephrine

All target cells A) have hormone receptors. B) respond to electrical signals. C) secrete hormones. D) produce their own hormones. E) are in the blood.

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose? A) insulin B) glucagon C) cortisol D) thyroxine E) leptin

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) thyroid hormone. D) cAMP. E) progesterone.

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss of emotional response E) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion

The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH and OXT E) TSH, ACTH, PRL

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) GH. E) All of the answers are correct.

The hypophyseal portal system A) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. B) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. C) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. D) carries ADH and oxytocin. E) All of the answers are correct.

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is: A) increased water conservation by kidneys B) stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption E) inhibition of aldosterone

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes insipidus.

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) prostate B) ductus deferens C) mammary glands D) uterus E) All of the answers are correct.

The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except A) FSH. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D) corticotropin. E) somatotropin.

The hormone oxytocin A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) triggers prostate gland contraction. D) is produced in the hypothalamus. E) All of the answers are correct.

Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it A) promotes bone growth. B) promotes muscle growth. C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes. D) is glucose sparing. E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells.

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids.

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) somatotropin.

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D) STH. E) ADH.

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol

The term used to describe excess production of urine is A) polyuria. B) polydipsia. C) hematuria. D) glycosuria. E) diabetes insipidis

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia A) during pregnancy. B) in very young children. C) during fetal development. D) in some disease processes. E) All of the answers are correct.

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________. A) prolactin; corticotropin B) oxytocin; mammotropin C) gonadotropin; mammotropin D) oxytocin; cortisol

The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) just extra fluids. E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? A) sodium B) iodine C) potassium D) iron E) colloid

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration? A) alpha cells B) osteoclasts C) osteoblasts D) C cells E) All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells.

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) increased oxygen consumption B) increased heart rate C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation D) increased body temperature E) All of the answers are correct.

Thyroid hormone contains the element A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc.

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of A) hyperthyroidism. B) hypothyroidism. C) hyperparathyroidism. D) hypoparathyroidism. E) diabetes insipidus.

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) glucagon.

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too A) much insulin. B) little TSH. C) much ACTH. D) much androgen production. E) little glucagon.

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? A) in lysosomes B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle D) in pinocytotic vesicles E) in apical microvilli

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones. A) inhibition B) synthesis C) release D) inhibition and secretion E) synthesis and release

The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation. A) endocrine B) pancreatic C) homeostatic D) hepatic E) vascular

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C) myxedema. D) high blood levels of TSH. E) All of the answers are correct.

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.

The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. Identify the incorrect step. A) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane B) specific transport into the target cell C) binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein D) activation of a specific gene E) activation of mitochondria

Which of the following is not an action of TSH? A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells E) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

The suprarenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) corticosteroids.

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.

Cushing disease results from an excess of A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone. C) ADH. D) glucocorticoids. E) epinephrine.

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) antidiuretic hormone. B) calcitonin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin.

The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones A) synephrine and neosynephrine. B) epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone. D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and cortisol.

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water retention.

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. C) the level of fatty acids in the blood. D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. E) ACTH levels.

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? A) increase of insulin B) decrease of insulin C) increase of blood glucose D) decrease of blood glucose E) both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose

Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes A) goiter. B) diabetes mellitus. C) diabetes insipidus. D) Addison disease. E) Cushing disease.

A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin.

Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine

Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress? A) thyroid B) adrenal (suprarenal) C) pituitary D) pancreas E) thymus

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? A) thyroglobulins B) mineralocorticoids C) pancreatic hormones D) antidiuretic hormones E) glucocorticoids

Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are: A) antidiuretics B) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone C) mineralocorticoids D) androgens E) glucocorticoids

Which of these statements about melatonin is false? A) exposure to light inhibits production B) exposure to light stimulates production C) inhibits releases of GnRH D) produced by pinealocytes E) made from serotonin

Pinealocytes produce A) MSH. B) FSH. C) LH. D) melanin. E) melatonin.

Melatonin is produced by the A) thymus. B) pineal gland. C) kidneys. D) skin. E) heart.

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it A) is a component of the epithalamus. B) is a component of the hypothalamus. C) secretes melatonin. D) contains pinealocytes. E) responds to light and darkness.

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by A) increased levels of melanin. B) increased levels of melatonin. C) increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. D) increased levels of gonadotrophins. E) decreased levels of testosterone.

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. A) glucagon; insulin B) somatostatin; insulin C) insulin; glucagon D) glucagon; somatostatin E) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting A) glucagon. B) GHIH. C) thyroid hormone. D) aldosterone. E) antidiuretic hormone.

The primary target(s) of insulin is/are A) skeletal muscle fibers. B) adipocytes. C) liver cells. D) cardiac muscle cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone.

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, A) blood glucose levels are very high. B) excessive thirst is shown. C) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. D) a large excretion of urine occurs. E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? A) glycosuria B) ketoacidosis C) high blood glucose D) low blood glucose E) polyuria

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona fasciculata. C) zona reticularis. D) suprarenal medulla. E) pars intermedia.

When blood glucose levels rise, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up less glucose. D) protein synthesis decreases. E) peripheral cells break down glycogen.

When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) protein synthesis increases. E) calcitonin is secreted.

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.

The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) digestive enzymes. E) bile.

Type II diabetes is characterized by: A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin B) a decrease in secretion by pancreatic beta cells C) excessive secretion of glucagon D) inadequate insulin production E) low blood-glucose concentration

Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood? A) calcitonin B) cortisol C) insulin D) glucagon E) parathyroid hormone

Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) blood-glucose concentration D) hypothalamus E) tropic hormones from the pituitary gland

The currently recognized normal range of blood-glucose is: A) 8-10 Ac1 units B) 100 - 120 mg/dl C) 50-200 mg/dl D) 70-110 mg/dl E) 70-90 mg/dl

The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) A) contain four types of endocrine cells. B) make up almost half of the pancreas. C) produce some digestive enzymes. D) secrete hormones into the pancreatic duct. E) secrete hormones to regulate blood-calcium levels.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin.

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in A) acromegaly. B) goiter. C) diabetes mellitus. D) diabetes insipidus. E) Addison's disease.

A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except A) elevated blood pressure. B) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney. C) increased water retention. D) increased urine production. E) increased blood volume.

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the A) kidneys. B) liver. C) heart. D) lungs. E) blood.

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) adrenaline.

The interstitial cells of the testes produce A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH.

Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) inhibin E) gonadotropins

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes A) testosterone. B) progesterone. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) androstenedione.

The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is A) testosterone. B) LH. C) inhibin. D) aldosterone. E) somatostatin.

The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are A) thymosins. B) corticosteroids. C) aldosterones. D) thyroxines. E) somatotropins.

Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrial natriuretic peptide

The kidneys secrete A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) calcitriol. D) hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. E) All of the answers are correct.

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the A) bone marrow of the skeletal system. B) splenic pulp of the lymphatic system. C) endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system. D) hypothalamus of the nervous system. E) epidermis of the integumentary system.

The heart is known to secrete all of the following hormones, except A) ANP. B) BNP. C) thymosin. D) thyroxine. E) thymosin and thyroxine.

Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of these hormones? A) somatostatin B) thyroxine C) growth hormone D) sex hormones E) insulin

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine.

Proper growth requires which of these hormones? A) thyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) insulin D) growth hormone E) All of the answers are correct.

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. B) decreased mental alertness. C) mobilization of energy reserves. D) increased urine release. E) decreased rate of respiration.

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) extension E) prolonged

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) glucocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) gonadotropins.

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) A) lipid reserves are mobilized. B) proteins are conserved. C) blood glucose levels fall drastically. D) levels of growth hormone decrease. E) levels of insulin decrease.

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by A) failure of electrolyte balance. B) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. D) a sharp increase in motivation and energy. E) an increase in urine output.