Ch. 13 Endocrine System

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________. A. protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions B. regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes hormones C. molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones D. molecule; a cell that does not have receptors. E. none of the above

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed A. endocrine. B. pericrine. C. exocrine. D. autocrine. E. paracrine

Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands A. secrete only into the bloodstream. B. secrete only local hormones. C. secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior. D. only secrete salts. E. secrete only into the urine

A sweat gland is an example of a(n) _______ gland. A. exocrine B. paracrine C. endocrine D. autocrine E. anal

"Endocrine" means A. hormone synthesis. B. internal secretion. C. acts upon target cells. D. fast-acting compound. E. in the blood

The specificity of hormone action derives from A. target cell receptors that are unique for the hormone type. B. target cell receptors that are unique for all steroid hormones. C. target cell receptors that are unique for all nonsteroid hormones. D. target cell receptors that bind only certain neurotransmitters. E. the pattern of target cell receptors

Hormones A. regulate metabolism. B. aid membrane transport. C. help regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure. D. have functions in growth, reproduction, and development. E. do all of the above

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system A. does not use receptors. B. may have a longer lasting effect. C. takes only seconds. D. is not essential to life. E. none of the above.

All hormones are A. steroids. B. proteins. C. inorganic compounds. D. organic compounds. E. very large molecules.

Steroid hormones A. are soluble in lipids. B. combine with protein receptor molecules. C. cause messenger RNA synthesis. D. consist of complex organic rings. E. all of the above

Nonsteroid hormones cause _________________ in their target cells. A. cyclic AMP to become ATP B. cyclic AMP to be decomposed C. activation of adenylate cyclase D. inactivation of adenylate cyclase E. breakdown of ADP

A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by A. causing synthesis of a second messenger. B. stimulating cell division. C. promoting phagocytosis. D. directly causing protein synthesis. E. promoting DNA replication.

A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by A. causing a second messenger to be formed. B. causing the cell to divide. C. promoting phagocytosis. D. directly causing protein synthesis. E. directly causing lipid synthesis

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the A. posterior pituitary. B. hypothalamus. C. thalamus. D. anterior pituitary. E. cerebrum

An up-regulated cell has an increase in A. the amount of DNA in the nucleus. B. the number of molecules the cell secretes. C. the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors. D. the number of receptors available for binding. E. the number of nuclei.

Up-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to A. prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone. B. prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. C. signals from antagonistic hormone products. D. signals from the posterior pituitary. E. none of the above

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to A. prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone. B. prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. C. signals from antagonistic hormone products. D. signals from the posterior pituitary. E. none of the above

__________ controls hormone concentrations. A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback C. A thermostat D. DNA E. Neutral feedback

A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a A. short half-life. B. no half-life. C. long half-life. D. whole life. E. none of the above.

A hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour, ___ percent of the original number of molecules remains. A. 0 B. 12.5 C. 25 D. 50 E. nearly 100

Tropic hormones A. only function in the tropics. B. function in only one sex. C. stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones. D. block the actions of hormones that endocrine glands secrete. E. function only under certain environmental conditions

Nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete A. thyroid-stimulating hormone. B. adrenocorticotropic hormone. C. growth hormone. D. antidiuretic hormone. E. acetylcholine

Growth hormone A. enhances the movement of amino acids into cells. B. increases the rate of protein synthesis. C. increases the rate of fat metabolism. D. enlarges cells. E. all of the above

Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs? A. Follicle-stimulating hormone B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Prolactin-releasing factor D. Thyrotropin E. Growth hormone

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the A. hypothalamus. B. anterior pituitary gland. C. posterior pituitary gland. D. thyroid gland. E. testes.

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion? A. Oxytocin B. Prolactin C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Calcitonin E. Melatonin

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is A. intermedin. B. oxytocin. C. vasopressin. D. aldosterone. E. viagra

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the A. intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. B. anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. C. pineal gland. D. adrenal gland. E. the hypothalamus.

The blood concentration of growth hormone A. rises in females after menopause. B. varies greatly in males during adulthood. C. drops at puberty and rises after adolescence. D. rises at puberty and levels off after adolescence. E. remains uniform throughout life.

Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. The alcohol has A. inhibited secretion of ADH. B. stimulated secretion of ADH. C. inhibited secretion of ICSH. D. stimulated secretion of ICSH. E. created extra kidney tubules

Diabetes insipidus is caused by A. insulin deficiency. B. excess insulin. C. ADH deficiency. D. excess ADH. E. an infection.

Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate A. less milk production. B. uterine contractions. C. uterine relaxation. D. ACTH production. E. the resumption of the menstrual cycle

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by A. neuromuscular cells. B. neurons. C. neuroendocrine cells. D. neurosecretory cells. E. neuroglia

Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the A. pancreas. B. liver C. spleen. D. pituitary gland. E. kidneys.

Growth hormone signals the release of A. TGF. B. PTH. C. IGF-1. D. FSH. E. DNA

_________ inhibits secretion of prolactin. A. Serotonin B. Insulin C. Norepinephrine D. Growth hormone E. Dopamine from the hypothalamus

What percentage of T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues? A. 25% B. 33% C. 50% D. 67% E. 75%

One of the hallmarks of Graves disease is A. weight gain. B. increased thirst. C. decreased appetite. D. goiter. E. increased sweating

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine. A. adrenal gland B. pancreas C. parathyroid gland D. thyroid gland E. pineal gland

Cretinism is caused by A. hypothyroidism. B. hyperthyroidism. C. hypoparathyroidism.D. hyperparathyroidism. E. a vitamin deficiency

Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of A. hypothyroidism. B. hyperthyroidism. C. hypoparathyroidism.D. hyperparathyroidism. E. heterothyroidism

Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by A. a lack of iodine. B. an excess of iodine. C. an improper diet. D. an autoimmune disorder. E. an infection.

Thyroxine A. reduces the rate at which carbohydrates are utilized. B. enhances the rate at which proteins are synthesized. C. inhibits responses of the nervous system. D. inhibits the rate at which calcium enters body fluids. E. inhibits protein synthesis

Simple goiter is most prevalent where the soil lacks A. organic matter. B. vitamins. C. iodine. D. potassium. E. excrement

Cretinism results from A. a deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth. B. hyperthyroidism in an adult. C. hypothyroidism in an adult. D. lack of prolactin. E. none of the above

Hyperparathyroidism A. stimulates excessive osteoclast activity. B. softenes bones C. increases risk of spontaneous fractures. D. is most often caused by a tumor. E. all of the above

In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, a symptom of hypoparathyroidism is A. a rise in vitamin D concentration. B. increased PTH secretion. C. muscle cramps. D. kidney stones. E. a fibrous liver.

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the A. hypothalamus. B. concentration of blood calcium. C. thyroid gland. D. pituitary gland. E. adrenal glands

The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is A. calcitonin. B. parathyroid hormone. C. thyroxine. D. insulin. E. FSH.

A type of hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is a A. mineralocorticoid. B. glucocorticoid. C. aldosterone. D. melatonin. E. none of the above

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to A. conserve sodium and excrete potassium. B. excrete sodium and conserve potassium. C. excrete sodium and potassium. D. conserve sodium and potassium. E. develop greater filtering ability.

Cortisol A. increases the permeability of capillary walls. B. increases the permeability of lysosomal membranes. C. stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates. D. promotes the storage of amino acids in the form of proteins. E. stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen.

Hormones from the adrenal medulla increase A. blood pressure. B. heart rate. C. breathing rate. D. force of cardiac muscle contraction. E. all of the above

Cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it A. decreases the permeability of capillaries. B. increases synthesis of prostaglandins. C. destabilizes lysosomal membranes. D. decreases blood flow. E. does all of the above

Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to A. Cushing syndrome. B. Addison disease. C. buffalo hump. D. moon face. E. Kennedy disease

Addison disease A. is caused by hyposecretion of cortical hormones. B. decreases blood sodium levels. C. increases blood potassium levels. D. lowers blood pressure. E. all of the above

Cushing syndrome A. is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones. B. elevates blood glucose C. elevates sodium concentrations. D. decreases tissue protein. E. all of the above

Secretion of insulin causes A. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose. B. a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose. C. an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. D. an increase in the concentration of blood glucose. E. none of the above.

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? A. Pancreas B. Anterior pituitary C. Liver D. Thyroid gland E. Pineal gland

The pineal gland is located A. in the thyroid gland. B. attached to an adrenal gland. C. attached to the thalamus. D. along with digestive tissue in the pancreas. E. in the spinal cord

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is A. melanoma. B. melatonin. C. myostatin. D. pinealin. E. beta endorphin

The thymus gland secretes hormones called _____ that _______. A. thyroxines; control metabolism. B. melatonins; control circadian rhythms. C. prostaglandins; control strength. D. thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells E. endocannabinoids; create a euphoric state

David Vedder was known as the "bubble boy." He was born without a thymus gland. After he had a bone marrow transplant, he left his protective bubble - a set-up that kept him free of infection - but soon died of infection. He died because A. the thymus produces hormones that control metabolism. B. the thymus produces white blood cells, which protect against infection. C. his body could not produce insulin. D. his body could not manufacture norepinephrine. E. his body could not produce cortisol

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine A. rise and cortisol fall. B. fall and cortisol rise. C. and cortisol rise. D. and cortisol fall. E. none of the above.

A person who is stressed usually has increased A. activity of the spleen and other lymphatic organs. B. number of lymphocytes in the blood. C. resistance to infections. D. blood pressure. E. parasympathetic impulses

With age, A. levels of GH increase but of ADH decrease. B. levels of GH decrease but of ADH increase. C. levels of GH and ADH both decrease. D. levels of GH and ADH both increase. E. levels of GH and ADH do not change.

Pheromones differ from hormones in that A. they are only found in plants and fungi. B. they act only within an individual. C. they are transmitted between members of the same species. D. they are transmitted between members of different species. E. none of the above

Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO) because this hormone A. decreases the number of red blood cells. B. increases the number of white blood cells. C. increases the number of red blood cells. D. adds protein to plasma E. increases the amount of iron in red blood cells

Irving, who is 78 years old, takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. He may be disappointed, because the hormone has been shown only to A. increase the red blood cell supply. B. decrease fat and increase muscle mass, but not improve strength. C. make him urinate more often. D. increase his risk of cancer. E. work in women

President John F. Kennedy had A. Cushing syndrome. B. diabetes mellitus. C. diabetes insipidus. D. Addison disease. E. Hashimoto's thyroiditis

In diabetes mellitus, A. fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood. B. weight is lost. C. the pancreas cannot produce insulin or the body cannot respond to it. D. insulin must be taken or drugs given that help the body to utilize insulin. E. all of the above

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by A. excess sugar in the diet. B. obesity. C. a disorder of the immune system. D. an effect of aging. E. an infection

Diabetes mellitus results in A. protein in the urine. B. urine with high osmotic pressure. C. reduced urinary output. D. low blood sugar. E. all of the above

Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from A. a deficiency of insulin. B. insensitivity of cells to insulin. C. a deficiency of insulin and insensitivity of cells to insulin. D. an infection. E. insufficient exercise.

The Edmonton protocol is A. a way to replace the thyroid gland. B. an infusion of hormones from the adrenal cortex. C. a pancreatic islet transplant. D. a type of insulin. E. none of the above

Treatment of type 2 diabetes usually includes A. restricting dietary carbohydrates to those high in fiber. B. exercising regularly. C. maintaining desirable body weight. D. drugs. E. all of the above

T/F A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.

T/F An autocrine secretion affects cells far away.

T/F The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.

T/F Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines.

T/F Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane

T/F A tropic hormone prevents endocrine glands from releasing their hormones, thereby maintaining homeostasis.

T/F The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland.

T/F The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.

T/F Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.

T/F The extrafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin.

T/F Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.

T/F Cells of the adrenal medulla are closely associated with preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

T/F The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are amines.

T/F The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.

T/F Norepinephrine and epinephrine are amines.

T/F Glucagon is also called hypoglycemic factor.

T/F A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection.

_______ secretions affect the cell that secretes them.

The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into synapses. In contrast, the endocrine system releases _______ into the bloodstream.

Adenylate cyclase causes ATP molecules to become ______ _______ molecules.

A group of lipids called ______ have powerful, regulating effects on a variety of cells.

A hormone whose effects last a long time has a ____ half-life.

The hormone that stimulates the release of growth hormone is called ______ ______-______ ______.

The thyroid gland has a special ability to remove the element ____ from the blood.

Calcitonin is produced in the ____ gland.

The central region of the adrenal gland is the adrenal ______.

The pancreas functions as part of the endocrine system and as a part of the ______ system.

The ______ gland is located deep between the cerebral hemispheres attached to the roof of the third ventricle.

The condition produced by factors that tend to cause changes in the body's internal environment and threaten its survival is called ______.