Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an absolute insulin deficiency resulting from insulin hyposecretion and requires insulin replacement therapy. Which of the following conditions would NOT be associated with this particular disorder?
increased insulin resistance
loss of beta-islet cells
destruction of beta-islet cells
absence of beta-islet cells
answer
increased insulin resistance
question
The three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus would include excesses in all of the following EXCEPT __________.
respiration
urination
hunger
thirst
answer
respiration
question
Identify the thyroid gland.
A
B
C
D
answer
The thyroid gland is located in the lower anterior throat superficial to the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage.
question
Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
A
B
C
D
answer
C
The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulates mineral levels in the body, along with other functions.
question
Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands?
They produce hormones.
They have ducts.
They drain into lymph vessels.
They drain into blood vessels.
answer
They have ducts.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands.
question
Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.
True
False
answer
False
Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol.
question
What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane?
Activation of a gene via interaction with a steroid hormone and a receptor protein.
protein-based
lipid-soluble
bound to a protein complex
charged
answer
lipid-soluble
Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane.
Activation of a gene via interaction with a steroid hormone and a receptor protein.
question
Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?
neural
enzymatic
hormonal
humoral
answer
enzymatic
Enzymes are not triggers in the release of hormones.
question
Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?
antagonism
summation
permissiveness
synergism
answer
synergism
Synergism of hormones occurs in situations where one or more hormones produce the same effect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.
question
What allows a cell to respond to a hormone?
the structure of the hormone
the location of the cell
the gland that releases the hormone
the presence of a specific hormone receptor
answer
the presence of a specific hormone receptor
Every hormone has a specific receptor that causes as action for that cell.
question
Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
True
False
answer
False
Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
question
What area of the brain is designated by letter A?
thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus
limbic system
answer
hypothalamus
Structure of the pituitary gland with detail of the posterior lobe.
The hypothalamus contains nuclei that produce hormones that are then secreted into the blood in the pituitary gland.
question
What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
cortisol
answer
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Structure of the pituitary gland with detail of the posterior lobe.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the kidneys and modulates how much water is lost in the urine.
question
Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?
A
B
C
D
answer
The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.
question
Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image?
thyroid hormones (TH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
growth hormone (GH)
aldosterone
answer
growth hormone (GH)
Growth hormone has effects on metabolism as well as growth. Hypersecretion can lead to gigantism.
anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary secretes a variety of hormones, including growth hormone.
question
Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
follicular cells of the thyroid gland
answer
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus regulates the release of several other hormones by producing releasing and inhibitory hormones, including TRH.
question
Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?
follicle-stimulating hormone
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
thyroid-stimulating hormone
answer
Antidiuretic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload.
question
Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
prolactin
answer
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid to release the hormone thyroxin, which increases metabolism in the body.
question
Which hormone aids in water resorption?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
parathyroid hormone
thyroid hormone
antidiuretic hormone
answer
antidiuretic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water.
question
Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females?
thyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
insulin
answer
follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle development and estrogen production in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.
question
What type of cell is shown at letter C?
follicular cells
beta cells
parafollicular cells
parathyroid cells
answer
Follicular cells
Follicular cells of the thyroid line the follicles and manufacture the materials within them.
question
What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?
humoral
neural
paracrine
hormonal
answer
humoral
The parathyroid is stimulated by the actual level of calcium in the blood rather than by neural or hormonal stimulus.
question
If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?
More calcium is present in feces.
Vitamin D levels in the blood drop.
Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.
answer
Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.
The kidneys would be encouraged by PTH to retain more calcium, which would result is less calcium in the urine.
question
Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels?
pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
answer
parathyroid
The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which increases blood calcium levels.
question
What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?
angiotensin II
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
answer
angiotensin II
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tropic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland.
question
Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?
Cushing's syndrome
Addison's disease
Graves' disease
cretinism
answer
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema.
question
The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses.
True
False
answer
True
The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses.
question
Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress?
follicle-stimulating hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
prolactin
answer
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors.
question
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces?
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
zona reticularis: aldosterone
medulla: glucocorticoids
zona fasciculata: catecholemines
answer
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids
question
Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels?
thyroxine
insulin
cortisol
aldosterone
answer
aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone regulate sodium and potassium metabolism and fluid balance.
question
Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)?
glucagon
insulin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
answer
insulin
The inability to produce sufficient insulin or a reduced ability of insulin to bind to its receptors results in high levels of blood glucose. This leads to an increase in glucose in the copious urine produced by those with this disease.
question
Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?
hyperglycemia
a decrease in blood glucose levels
release of insulin
somatostatin
answer
a decrease in blood glucose levels
Homeostatic regulation of blood glucose by the pancreas.
Glucagon acts to stimulate release of glucose into the blood to counteract falling levels.
question
Which of the following is NOT believed to be linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)?
predisposing genetic factors
poor diet
weight gain
regular cardiovascular exercise
answer
regular cardiovascular exercise
Proper cardiovascular exercise can alleviate symptoms. Many sufferers with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) are sedentary.
question
Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?
creation of glycogen from glucose
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
breakdown of glycogen into glucose
conversion of glucose to fat
answer
Insulin decreases blood sugar while glucagon raises blood sugar.
Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
The term genesis means "to create," and neo means "new," so this term literally means "to create new sugar."
question
Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels?
gastrin
somatostatin
insulin
glucagon
answer
Glucagon
Glucagon, produced by pancreatic alpha cells, increases blood sugar by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
question
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?
adrenal
pituitary
adenoid
thyroid
answer
adenoid
Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids and are lymphoid tissue, not endocrine glands.
question
What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image?
growth hormone
thyroxine
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
answer
Thyroxine
Thyroxine is an amino acid-based hormone that uses the direct gene activation method. Although it is water-soluble, it is transported into the cell by a membrane carrier protein.
question
Which of the following exhibits an antagonistic relationship?
TSH/thyroxin
PTH/aldosterone
insulin/glucagon
renin/ANP
answer
insulin/glucagon
Insulin decreases blood sugar while glucagon raises blood sugar.
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