Bio Final: Chapter 15: Endocrine System

25 July 2022
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question
A person with congenital hypothroidism will exhibit what symptoms? myxedema exopthalmic goiter simple goiter short and stocky, possible mental retardation tetany
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short and stocky, possible mental retardation
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Although other animals produce pheromones, humans have not been shown to make them. True or False.
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False. Humans make pheromones too.
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Both endocrine and exocrine glands have ducts. True or False.
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False. Exocrine glands have ducts but endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream.
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Both the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex are under control of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary hormone and hypothalamus. True or False.
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False. The adrenal medulla is under nervous system control.
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Damage or a tumor to which organ would lead to a disruption of the nervous and endocrine system? hypothalamus pituitary lymph nodes frontal lobe of the brain pineal gland
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hypothalamus
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Describe the characteristics of individuals with Type 2 diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes is primarily found in adults that are often overweight or obese. Their adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin receptor function. Genetics and ethnic backgrounds appear to play a role in Type 2 diabetes.
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Explain how the adrenal cortex responds to long term stress.
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Stress triggers the hypothalamus to release hypothalamic releasing hormones that act upon the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary will secrete ACTH which acts upon the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids are released by the adrenal cortex which causes protein and fat metabolism to occur instead of glucose breakdown. Immune cells are suppressed resulting in a reduction of inflammation. Mineralocorticoids are also released resulting in sodium ions and water being reabsorbed by the kidneys. Blood volume and pressure will also increase.
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Giants usually have poor health because they often have diabetes mellitus. True or False.
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True. Growth hormone has a secondary effect on the blood sugar level, and so giants usually have diabetes mellitus.
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Glycogen can be broken down to increase blood glucose levels, but fat cannot be. True or False.
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False. Both fat and glycogen can be broken down to raise blood glucose levels.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is involved in the regulation of both the testes and the ovaries. True or False.
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True. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH, is produced by the hypothalamus and controls both testes and ovaries.
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How are the nervous system and the endocrine system alike? They both utilize axons and synapses. They both regulate the activities of other systems. They both utilize glands. They both respond very rapidly to stimuli. They both have an very prolonged response to stimuli.
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They both regulate the activities of other systems.
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How are the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary similar? Both are controlled by the hypothalamus. Both produce three or more hormones. Both are connected to the hypothalamus via a portal system. Both produce releasing and inhibiting hormones. Both produce hormones that control other glands.
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Both are controlled by the hypothalamus.
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How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus similar? The number of glucose carriers is too low in both. The blood glucose levels are very high in both. The body does not produce insulin in both. The body does not produce glucagon in both. Both are a result of obesity.
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The blood glucose levels are very high in both.
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How many iodine atoms are in thyroxine? one two three four five
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four Thyroxine contains four iodine atoms.
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How would the endocrine and nervous systems respond to an individual touching a hot stove? sending signals that pull their hand away sending signals that cause the release of epinephrine sending signals that cause the release of norepinephrine sending signals that cause them to move their body away the endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things
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the endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things
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If an individual is exposed to external stress the nervous system is capable of responding faster than the endocrine system. True or False.
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True. True, the nervous system can respond instantly to external stress while the endocrine system will take longer to respond.
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In comparing the functions of the nervous and endocrine system in controlling the body, the nervous system is better able to respond to changes in the external environment. True or False.
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True. The nervous system often has automatic responses to external stimuli as well as sensory receptors that provide us with information about the external environment.
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Is it possible that a type 1 diabetic could be hypoglycemic? True or False.
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False. These individuals take daily insulin injections. If the amount of insulin is too great, the blood sugar level may drop (hypoglycemia).
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It is possible to distinguish exocrine from endocrine tissue in the pancreas under the light microscope. True or False.
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True. The light microscope shows that the pancreas has two types of cells.
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Jamie suffers from heartburn. Sometimes this can be treated with mineralocorticoids. prostaglandins. aldosterone. thymosin. luteinizing hormone.
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prostaglandins.
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List the hormones produced by the following endocrine glands and indicate the target tissue / organ it acts upon.
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Hypothalamus: produces hypothalamic-releasing hormone which targets the anterior pituitary. Thyroid: produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, both of which act upon all of the tissues in the body. Parathyroid: produces calcitonin which acts upon the bones, kidneys, and intestine. Thymus: produces thymosins which act upon the T lymphocytes. Pineal gland: produces melatonin which acts upon the brain.
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Most of the diabetics in the United States have type 1 diabetes. True or False.
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False. Most have type 2 diabetes.
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Parathyroid hormone also activates ___________ in the kidneys. vitamin D vitamin C vitamin B cholesterol calcium
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vitamin D
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Peptide hormones... are able to pass through the membrane and bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm. bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane. act much more slowly than steroid hormones. initiate gene expression. are composed of a complex of 4 carbon rings.
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bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane. Only the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes produce steroid hormones.
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Right after eating a candy bar, insulin secretion would occur. True or False.
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True. Insulin is secreted when the blood glucose level is high.
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Some of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary have an effect on other glands. Which of the following does not? LH ACTH growth hormone TSH gonadotropic hormone
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growth hormone
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The adrenal cortex provides a slower but long-term stress response in comparison to the adrenal medulla. True or False.
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True. Nervous stimulation causes the adrenal medulla to provide a rapid but short-term stress response. The adrenal medulla is associated with fight or flight situations.
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The adrenal medulla controls the short term response to stress by raising blood glucose levels. breaking down protein and fat. reducing inflammation. suppressing immune cells. increasing blood volume.
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raising blood glucose levels.
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The cramping associated with premenstrual syndrome is often due to norepinephrine. True or False.
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False. Cramping of the uterus is due to the effect of prostaglandins.
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The effects initiated by the endocrine system are longer lasting than those of the nervous system. True or False.
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True. The endocrine produces hormones that have a slower, more prolonged response than the nervous system.
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The hormone produced by the parathryoid gland influences the blood level rise of what product? sodium phosphate calcium glucose cholesterol
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calcium
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The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary communicate via a portal system. True or False.
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True. A portal system, consisting of two capillary systems connected by a vein, lies between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.
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The secretion of which hormones qualifies the pancreas as an endocrine gland? insulin and glucagon insulin and digestive juices digestive juices and glucagon mineralocorticoids and insulin estradiol and digestive juices
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insulin and glucagon
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The thyroid gland is located in the neck. in the brain. on top of the kidneys. near the ovaries or testes. near the small intestines.
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in the neck.
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Usually you are consciously aware of the governance of your internal organs by the nervous and endocrine system. True or False.
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False. The governance of the internal organs usually occurs below the level of consciousness.
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What are the symptoms of myxedema? an eye that protrudes from the eye socket a mass in the throat lethargy, weight gain, puffiness tremors in the hands, shaking, balance difficulties difficulty with speech, blurred vision
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lethargy, weight gain, puffiness
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What is the function of melatonin? regulate blood glucose levels regulate blood calcium levels aid in the differentiation of T lymphocytes control the daily sleep-wake cycle control the color of the skin
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control the daily sleep-wake cycle
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When insulin is secreted, what happens? Tissue stores of glucose are depleted. Adipose tissue breaks down fat. The liver breaks down glycogen. The blood glucose level rises. Glucose is taken up by the cells.
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Glucose is taken up by the cells.
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Where are the adrenal glands located? in the brain in the neck on top of the kidneys near the ovaries/testes near the small intestine
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on top of the kidneys
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Where is the thymus gland located? in the neck in the brain in the chest near the ovaries/testes on top of the kidneys
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in the chest
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Which disorder is associated with a low level of parathyroid hormone? tetany osteoporosis myxedema exophthalmic goiter simple goiter
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tetany
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Which disorder is characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult? acromegaly diabetes mellitus pituitary dwarfism simple goiter none of these
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acromegaly
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Which gland produces melatonin? testes thymus gland pineal gland ovaries adrenal glands
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pineal gland
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Which hormone triggers satiety? epinephrine follicle-stimulating hormone prostaglandins erythropoietin leptin
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leptin
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Which of the following does not act to increase the amount of calcium in the blood? bones calcitonin kidneys intestines parathyroid hormone
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calcitonin
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Which of the following hormones is controlled by positive feedback? prolactin oxytocin growth hormone antidiuretic hormone gonadotropic hormone
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oxytocin
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Which of the following hormones is mis-paired with its target organ? TSH--thyroid FSH--gonads ACTH--adrenal cortex LH--kidney Gonadotropic hormones--testes and ovaries
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LH--kidney
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Which of the following hormones is mismatched with its producing gland? ovaries--follicle-stimulating hormone ovaries--estrogen thymus gland--thymosins pineal gland--melatonin testes--androgens
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ovaries--follicle-stimulating hormone
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Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary? prolactin growth hormone thyroid stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone oxytocin
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oxytocin
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Which of the following is a feature of an endocrine gland? secretes a hormone directly into the bloodstream secretes a hormone into a gland or duct the product of these glands is carried into the lumen of an organ characterized by the salivary glands they do not respond to a negative feedback system
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secretes a hormone directly into the bloodstream
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Which of the following is a glucocorticoid? norepinephrine epinephrine aldosterone cortisol renin
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cortisol
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Which of the following is a result of mineralocorticoid release? Glucose is not broken down. The immune cells are suppressed. Inflammation is reduced. Proteins and fat are broken down. Blood volume and pressure increase.
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Blood volume and pressure increase.
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Which of the following is an exocrine gland? parathyroids salivary glands thymus testes adrenal gland
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salivary glands
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Which of the following is not a symptom of Addison disease? low blood pressure bronzing of the skin mild infections can lead to death loss of sodium and water increased blood sugar levels
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increased blood sugar levels
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Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? dudodenum pituitary adrenal pineal thymus
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dudodenum
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Which of the following is not involved in blood calcium homeostasis? bones thyroid gland parathyroid glands kidneys posterior pituitary
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posterior pituitary
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Which of the following is not involved in blood glucose homeostasis? liver muscle adipose tissue stomach glucagon
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stomach
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Which of the following is not produced by the adrenal glands? epinephrine norepinephrine glucagon glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids
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glucagon
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Which of the following is the basis for steroid hormones? cholesterol peptides proteins glycoproteins modified amino acids
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cholesterol
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Which of the following organs also produce hormones as a secondary function of the organ? heart testes ovaries adrenal cortex thyroid
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heart
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Which of the following secretes erythropoietin? kidney heart small intestine thymus thalamus
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kidney
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Which of the following statement about the pancreas is not true? The pancreatic islets are the exocrine tissue. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon. The pancreas is located near the small intestine. The pancreas is not under pituitary control. The pancreas is a fish-shaped organ.
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The pancreatic islets are the exocrine tissue.
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Which of the following statements about hormones is not true? Hormones are secreted by axons. Hormones are carried by the bloodstream. It takes time to deliver hormones to the cells. The effects of hormones are long lasting. Hormones are targeted to specific organs within the body.
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Hormones are secreted by axons.
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Which of the following statements is not true about growth hormone? Growth hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary. The quantity of growth hormone is greatest during childhood and adolescence. Too little growth hormone results in dwarfism. Too much growth hormone results in giantism. Growth hormone can be administered as a medical treatment for stature problems.
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Growth hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary.
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Which of the following statements is not true concerning the hypothalamus? The hypothalamus acts as the link between the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus regulates the internal environment of the body. The hypothalamus communicates with the somatic nervous system. The hypothalamus controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
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The hypothalamus communicates with the somatic nervous system.
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Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of the reproductive system? adrenal gland hypothalamus anterior pituitary testes/ovaries nervous system
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adrenal gland
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Which organ does not produce steroid hormones? pineal gland adrenal cortex ovaries testes
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pineal gland
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Which pancreatic hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells? insulin glucagon estradiol epinephrine cortisol
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insulin
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Which pancreatic hormone will be secreted when blood glucose levels are high? insulin glucagon cortisol thyroxine antidiuretic hormone
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insulin
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Which system does the hypothalamus belong to? the nervous system the endocrine system both the nervous and the endocrine systems reproductive system cardiovascular system
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both the nervous and the endocrine systems
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Why is the pancreas both an endocrine and an exocrine gland? - because it produces both a neurotransmitter and a hormone - because it produces more than one hormone - because it produces at least one hormone that is delivered through a duct and one that is delivered to the bloodstream - because it has an outer cortex and an inner medulla - because it is located within the abdominal cavity with ties to the gastrointestinal system
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because it produces at least one hormone that is delivered through a duct and one that is delivered to the bloodstream