A person with congenital hypothroidism will exhibit what symptoms?
myxedema
exopthalmic goiter
simple goiter
short and stocky, possible mental retardation
tetany
answer
short and stocky, possible mental retardation
question
Although other animals produce pheromones, humans have not been shown to make them. True or False.
answer
False.
Humans make pheromones too.
question
Both endocrine and exocrine glands have ducts. True or False.
answer
False.
Exocrine glands have ducts but endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream.
question
Both the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex are under control of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary hormone and hypothalamus. True or False.
answer
False.
The adrenal medulla is under nervous system control.
question
Damage or a tumor to which organ would lead to a disruption of the nervous and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
pituitary
lymph nodes
frontal lobe of the brain
pineal gland
answer
hypothalamus
question
Describe the characteristics of individuals with Type 2 diabetes.
answer
Type 2 diabetes is primarily found in adults that are often overweight or obese. Their adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin receptor function. Genetics and ethnic backgrounds appear to play a role in Type 2 diabetes.
question
Explain how the adrenal cortex responds to long term stress.
answer
Stress triggers the hypothalamus to release hypothalamic releasing hormones that act upon the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary will secrete ACTH which acts upon the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids are released by the adrenal cortex which causes protein and fat metabolism to occur instead of glucose breakdown. Immune cells are suppressed resulting in a reduction of inflammation.
Mineralocorticoids are also released resulting in sodium ions and water being reabsorbed by the kidneys. Blood volume and pressure will also increase.
question
Giants usually have poor health because they often have diabetes mellitus. True or False.
answer
True.
Growth hormone has a secondary effect on the blood sugar level, and so giants usually have diabetes mellitus.
question
Glycogen can be broken down to increase blood glucose levels, but fat cannot be. True or False.
answer
False.
Both fat and glycogen can be broken down to raise blood glucose levels.
question
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is involved in the regulation of both the testes and the ovaries. True or False.
answer
True.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH, is produced by the hypothalamus and controls both testes and ovaries.
question
How are the nervous system and the endocrine system alike?
They both utilize axons and synapses.
They both regulate the activities of other systems.
They both utilize glands.
They both respond very rapidly to stimuli.
They both have an very prolonged response to stimuli.
answer
They both regulate the activities of other systems.
question
How are the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary similar?
Both are controlled by the hypothalamus.
Both produce three or more hormones.
Both are connected to the hypothalamus via a portal system.
Both produce releasing and inhibiting hormones.
Both produce hormones that control other glands.
answer
Both are controlled by the hypothalamus.
question
How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus similar?
The number of glucose carriers is too low in both.
The blood glucose levels are very high in both.
The body does not produce insulin in both.
The body does not produce glucagon in both.
Both are a result of obesity.
answer
The blood glucose levels are very high in both.
question
How many iodine atoms are in thyroxine?
one
two
three
four
five
answer
four
Thyroxine contains four iodine atoms.
question
How would the endocrine and nervous systems respond to an individual touching a hot stove?
sending signals that pull their hand away
sending signals that cause the release of epinephrine
sending signals that cause the release of norepinephrine
sending signals that cause them to move their body away
the endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things
answer
the endocrine and nervous systems would cause an individual to do all of these things
question
If an individual is exposed to external stress the nervous system is capable of responding faster than the endocrine system. True or False.
answer
True.
True, the nervous system can respond instantly to external stress while the endocrine system will take longer to respond.
question
In comparing the functions of the nervous and endocrine system in controlling the body, the nervous system is better able to respond to changes in the external environment. True or False.
answer
True.
The nervous system often has automatic responses to external stimuli as well as sensory receptors that provide us with information about the external environment.
question
Is it possible that a type 1 diabetic could be hypoglycemic? True or False.
answer
False.
These individuals take daily insulin injections. If the amount of insulin is too great, the blood sugar level may drop (hypoglycemia).
question
It is possible to distinguish exocrine from endocrine tissue in the pancreas under the light microscope. True or False.
answer
True.
The light microscope shows that the pancreas has two types of cells.
question
Jamie suffers from heartburn. Sometimes this can be treated with
mineralocorticoids.
prostaglandins.
aldosterone.
thymosin.
luteinizing hormone.
answer
prostaglandins.
question
List the hormones produced by the following endocrine glands and indicate the target tissue / organ it acts upon.
answer
Hypothalamus: produces hypothalamic-releasing hormone which targets the anterior pituitary.
Thyroid: produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, both of which act upon all of the tissues in the body.
Parathyroid: produces calcitonin which acts upon the bones, kidneys, and intestine.
Thymus: produces thymosins which act upon the T lymphocytes.
Pineal gland: produces melatonin which acts upon the brain.
question
Most of the diabetics in the United States have type 1 diabetes. True or False.
answer
False.
Most have type 2 diabetes.
question
Parathyroid hormone also activates ___________ in the kidneys.
vitamin D
vitamin C
vitamin B
cholesterol
calcium
answer
vitamin D
question
Peptide hormones...
are able to pass through the membrane and bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm.
bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane.
act much more slowly than steroid hormones.
initiate gene expression.
are composed of a complex of 4 carbon rings.
answer
bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane.
Only the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes produce steroid hormones.
question
Right after eating a candy bar, insulin secretion would occur. True or False.
answer
True.
Insulin is secreted when the blood glucose level is high.
question
Some of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary have an effect on other glands. Which of the following does not?
LH
ACTH
growth hormone
TSH
gonadotropic hormone
answer
growth hormone
question
The adrenal cortex provides a slower but long-term stress response in comparison to the adrenal medulla.
True or False.
answer
True.
Nervous stimulation causes the adrenal medulla to provide a rapid but short-term stress response. The adrenal medulla is associated with fight or flight situations.
question
The adrenal medulla controls the short term response to stress by
raising blood glucose levels.
breaking down protein and fat.
reducing inflammation.
suppressing immune cells.
increasing blood volume.
answer
raising blood glucose levels.
question
The cramping associated with premenstrual syndrome is often due to norepinephrine. True or False.
answer
False.
Cramping of the uterus is due to the effect of prostaglandins.
question
The effects initiated by the endocrine system are longer lasting than those of the nervous system. True or False.
answer
True.
The endocrine produces hormones that have a slower, more prolonged response than the nervous system.
question
The hormone produced by the parathryoid gland influences the blood level rise of what product?
sodium
phosphate
calcium
glucose
cholesterol
answer
calcium
question
The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary communicate via a portal system. True or False.
answer
True.
A portal system, consisting of two capillary systems connected by a vein, lies between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.
question
The secretion of which hormones qualifies the pancreas as an endocrine gland?
insulin and glucagon
insulin and digestive juices
digestive juices and glucagon
mineralocorticoids and insulin
estradiol and digestive juices
answer
insulin and glucagon
question
The thyroid gland is located
in the neck.
in the brain.
on top of the kidneys.
near the ovaries or testes.
near the small intestines.
answer
in the neck.
question
Usually you are consciously aware of the governance of your internal organs by the nervous and endocrine system. True or False.
answer
False.
The governance of the internal organs usually occurs below the level of consciousness.
question
What are the symptoms of myxedema?
an eye that protrudes from the eye socket
a mass in the throat
lethargy, weight gain, puffiness
tremors in the hands, shaking, balance difficulties
difficulty with speech, blurred vision
answer
lethargy, weight gain, puffiness
question
What is the function of melatonin?
regulate blood glucose levels
regulate blood calcium levels
aid in the differentiation of T lymphocytes
control the daily sleep-wake cycle
control the color of the skin
answer
control the daily sleep-wake cycle
question
When insulin is secreted, what happens?
Tissue stores of glucose are depleted.
Adipose tissue breaks down fat.
The liver breaks down glycogen.
The blood glucose level rises.
Glucose is taken up by the cells.
answer
Glucose is taken up by the cells.
question
Where are the adrenal glands located?
in the brain
in the neck
on top of the kidneys
near the ovaries/testes
near the small intestine
answer
on top of the kidneys
question
Where is the thymus gland located?
in the neck
in the brain
in the chest
near the ovaries/testes
on top of the kidneys
answer
in the chest
question
Which disorder is associated with a low level of parathyroid hormone?
tetany
osteoporosis
myxedema
exophthalmic goiter
simple goiter
answer
tetany
question
Which disorder is characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone in an adult?
acromegaly
diabetes mellitus
pituitary dwarfism
simple goiter
none of these
Which hormone triggers satiety?
epinephrine
follicle-stimulating hormone
prostaglandins
erythropoietin
leptin
answer
leptin
question
Which of the following does not act to increase the amount of calcium in the blood?
bones
calcitonin
kidneys
intestines
parathyroid hormone
answer
calcitonin
question
Which of the following hormones is controlled by positive feedback?
prolactin
oxytocin
growth hormone
antidiuretic hormone
gonadotropic hormone
answer
oxytocin
question
Which of the following hormones is mis-paired with its target organ?
TSH--thyroid
FSH--gonads
ACTH--adrenal cortex
LH--kidney
Gonadotropic hormones--testes and ovaries
answer
LH--kidney
question
Which of the following hormones is mismatched with its producing gland?
ovaries--follicle-stimulating hormone
ovaries--estrogen
thymus gland--thymosins
pineal gland--melatonin
testes--androgens
answer
ovaries--follicle-stimulating hormone
question
Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary?
prolactin
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
oxytocin
answer
oxytocin
question
Which of the following is a feature of an endocrine gland?
secretes a hormone directly into the bloodstream
secretes a hormone into a gland or duct
the product of these glands is carried into the lumen of an organ
characterized by the salivary glands
they do not respond to a negative feedback system
answer
secretes a hormone directly into the bloodstream
question
Which of the following is a glucocorticoid?
norepinephrine
epinephrine
aldosterone
cortisol
renin
answer
cortisol
question
Which of the following is a result of mineralocorticoid release?
Glucose is not broken down.
The immune cells are suppressed.
Inflammation is reduced.
Proteins and fat are broken down.
Blood volume and pressure increase.
answer
Blood volume and pressure increase.
question
Which of the following is an exocrine gland?
parathyroids
salivary glands
thymus
testes
adrenal gland
answer
salivary glands
question
Which of the following is not a symptom of Addison disease?
low blood pressure
bronzing of the skin
mild infections can lead to death
loss of sodium and water
increased blood sugar levels
answer
increased blood sugar levels
question
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
dudodenum
pituitary
adrenal
pineal
thymus
answer
dudodenum
question
Which of the following is not involved in blood calcium homeostasis?
bones
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
kidneys
posterior pituitary
answer
posterior pituitary
question
Which of the following is not involved in blood glucose homeostasis?
liver
muscle
adipose tissue
stomach
glucagon
answer
stomach
question
Which of the following is not produced by the adrenal glands?
epinephrine
norepinephrine
glucagon
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
answer
glucagon
question
Which of the following is the basis for steroid hormones?
cholesterol
peptides
proteins
glycoproteins
modified amino acids
answer
cholesterol
question
Which of the following organs also produce hormones as a secondary function of the organ?
heart
testes
ovaries
adrenal cortex
thyroid
answer
heart
question
Which of the following secretes erythropoietin?
kidney
heart
small intestine
thymus
thalamus
answer
kidney
question
Which of the following statement about the pancreas is not true?
The pancreatic islets are the exocrine tissue.
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon.
The pancreas is located near the small intestine.
The pancreas is not under pituitary control.
The pancreas is a fish-shaped organ.
answer
The pancreatic islets are the exocrine tissue.
question
Which of the following statements about hormones is not true?
Hormones are secreted by axons.
Hormones are carried by the bloodstream.
It takes time to deliver hormones to the cells.
The effects of hormones are long lasting.
Hormones are targeted to specific organs within the body.
answer
Hormones are secreted by axons.
question
Which of the following statements is not true about growth hormone?
Growth hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary.
The quantity of growth hormone is greatest during childhood and adolescence.
Too little growth hormone results in dwarfism.
Too much growth hormone results in giantism.
Growth hormone can be administered as a medical treatment for stature problems.
answer
Growth hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary.
question
Which of the following statements is not true concerning the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus acts as the link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
The hypothalamus regulates the internal environment of the body.
The hypothalamus communicates with the somatic nervous system.
The hypothalamus controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
answer
The hypothalamus communicates with the somatic nervous system.
question
Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of the reproductive system?
adrenal gland
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
testes/ovaries
nervous system
answer
adrenal gland
question
Which organ does not produce steroid hormones?
pineal gland
adrenal cortex
ovaries
testes
answer
pineal gland
question
Which pancreatic hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells?
insulin
glucagon
estradiol
epinephrine
cortisol
answer
insulin
question
Which pancreatic hormone will be secreted when blood glucose levels are high?
insulin
glucagon
cortisol
thyroxine
antidiuretic hormone
answer
insulin
question
Which system does the hypothalamus belong to?
the nervous system
the endocrine system
both the nervous and the endocrine systems
reproductive system
cardiovascular system
answer
both the nervous and the endocrine systems
question
Why is the pancreas both an endocrine and an exocrine gland?
- because it produces both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
- because it produces more than one hormone
- because it produces at least one hormone that is delivered through a duct and one that is delivered to the bloodstream
- because it has an outer cortex and an inner medulla
- because it is located within the abdominal cavity with ties to the gastrointestinal system
answer
because it produces at least one hormone that is delivered through a duct and one that is delivered to the bloodstream
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