Respiratory Mastering A&P HW

assist with the flow of arterial blood The respiratory system assists in the flow of venous blood and lymph in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

respiratory zone.

nasal cavity

larynx

bronchioles

alveoli

trachea

bronchi

trachea

pharynx

cilia

simple squamous epithelium

collapse

The external intercostal muscles, which are located between the ribs, contract and increase the size of the thoracic cavity. The other major inspiratory muscle is the diaphragm.

Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

45 mm Hg.

Hemoglobin can bind up to four oxygen molecules. When it carries four oxygen molecules, we say that it is 100% saturated.

more oxygen is released from hemoglobin. Lower hemoglobin saturation means less oxygen molecules are bound to hemoglobin because they have been released. This happens in the tissues.

increase in BPG BPG produced by erythrocytes binds with hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen, which increases the unloading of oxygen into the tissues.

4 molecules of oxygen.

hypoventilation.

PCO2 High PCO2 triggers hyperventilation and low PCO2 triggers hypoventilation.

decreased pulmonary compliance

emphysema Emphysema is a type of COPD.

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

terminal bronchioles.

more smooth muscle The bronchioles are the main airways where resistance control takes place, since the smooth muscle controls air flow.

Pressure increases when volume decreases.

diameter of the conducting zone passageways

more According to Henry's law, at carbon dioxide partial pressure of 45 mm Hg as in tissues, there will be more carbon dioxide dissolved in water (or plasma) than at partial pressure of 40 mm Hg, such as in the lungs.

partial pressure gradient

ventilation-perfusion matching

diameter of an alveolus.

carbonic acid.

decrease in blood pH An increase in blood PCO2 will result in more carbonic acid being formed and more hydrogen ions being released. When the excess hydrogen ions exceed the body's buffer systems, the pH of the blood decreases.

RRG

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

alveoli The respiratory zone is where gases are exchanged.

trachea The inspired air passes from the larynx into the trachea, also called the "windpipe" because it delivers this air to the lower structures of the respiratory tract.

trachea

basal lamina The middle part of the respiratory membrane is composed of the basal lamina of the type I alveolar cells, which is fused with the capillary basal lamina.

pulmonary ventilation Pulmonary ventilation depends on volume and pressure changes in the lungs.

the volume of the lungs increases and the intrapulmonary pressure decreases During inspiration the movement of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles causes the thoracic and lung volume to increase and therefore, according to Boyle's law, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

diaphragm and external intercostals

intrapleural pressure

epinephrine

lungs will collapse

100 mm Hg

40 mm Hg

The greater distance for diffusion will decrease the efficiency of diffusion.

40 mm Hg

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Alveoli

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 - → H+ + HCO3- Most of the carbon dioxide entering the plasma diffuses into erythrocytes, where it encounters the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the above reaction.

bound to hemoglobin

increase in PCO2

a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration Hyperventilation leads to an increase in pH, because more CO2 is lost and therefore, there is a lower concentration of hydrogen ions.