Chapters 1+2

binet and simon

emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. (Oedipus complex)

in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society. Id ego and super ego all integrate into one and that becomes the person

- Erikson added 3 adult stages. One of the first to recognize lifespan and nature of development. - Unlike Freud, Erikson pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each cultures life situation. - They both use the id, superego and ego, Erikson just improved it.

Classical: dog salivate at the sound of a bell by paring it with the presentation of food. -Operant: frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforces—food, drink, praise, or a new toy, or decreased through punishment, such as disapproval or withdrawal of privileges.

A person or animal is conditioned to associate a neural stimulus with a meaningful stimulus. (UCS-UCS turns into CS - CR (learning)

reinforcing or punishing VOLUNTARY behavior

giving something (reward) to increase behavior (giving a dog a treat after doing

a technique for conditioning behavior where behavior is followed by something NOT desired.

increase behavior by taking something away that they don't want. (That noise your car makes when your seatbelt isn't on)

making an athlete run laps, spanking, adding something you don't want to decrease the bad behavior.

taking away a cell phone for bad behavior

attachment is a big deal, the monkey will go to the warm mother over anything touch >>>>>

-Extension of behaviorism -Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a persons behavior -Modeling: a person observes the actions of others and then copies them. - Bandura found that diverse factors influence children's motivation to imitate- their own history of reinforcement or punishment for the behavior. Observe the model being reinforced or punished.

for example if little kids watch someone be aggressive, they can become aggressive

According to this theory, our thoughts shape out attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

the child begins to interact with the environment. (0-2)

the child begins to represent the world symbolically. (2-6 or 7)

the child learns rules such as conversation, able to think and organize. (7-11)

the adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future. (12-adoloscent)

Assimilation: Assimilation is a term referring to another part of the adaptation process initially proposed by Piaget. Through assimilation, we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas. Accommodation: is a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to 'accommodate' the new information.

Public Policy - When social problems arise, nations attempt to solve them through a special type of social policy called public policy. An important factor influencing public policy is individualistic (emphasizing well being) or collectivist (emphasizing group meaning and goals) other factors are nations economic resources and the role of organizations and individuals that advocate for children's needs.

- Eclectic psychology refers to a therapeutic approach in which a variety of methods, principles and philosophies are used to create a treatment program that caters to a patient's unique needs. Rather than adhering to a certain school of therapy, eclectic therapists use techniques from all schools to treat patients.

-structures the research process by identifying important research concerns and occasionally preferred methods for collecting data. They guide the application of findings to real life circumstances

a falsifiable question that spins off a theory (a prediction about something)

when there is little or no theory

-everyday environment, permit researchers to see direct behaviors, unobtrusively watching and recording data -strength: reflects everyday weaknesses -Weak-:accuracy may be reduced b/c you cannot control it -example: they observed 3-4 yr olds and observed how kids reacted when others cried and how the caregivers reacted

-observation of behavior in a lab, conditions are the same for all patients -strength:grants each person equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest -weak: may not show everyday behavior

-flexible interviewing procedure in which investigator obtains a complete account of participants thoughts -Strength: lots of info can be obtained din a short period of time, close to everyday life -Weak: may not be accurate -Example: asked a 3 yr old about dreams

-self report instruments in which each participant is asked the same questions/same way (survey data) -Weak: does not provide the same depth of info -Example: parents were asked whats important for child development, most picked think for themselves, but when asked to many thought of that answer alone

-research method used in which ONE participant is studied extensively -Strength: rich descriptive insights into many factors affecting development -Weak: may be biased by reaserchers

-statistic indicating the degree of a relationship between two variable (can be negative or positive) DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION -Strength: Permits study of relationships between variables -Weak: does not permit inferences about cause and effect relationships

same individuals are followed OVER TIME and their development is repeatedly assessed

an adaptation of the longitudinal approach, presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions (observe how change occurs) - useful for cognitive development

compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics (SES, ethnicity)

combination of longitudinal and cross sectional designs - might study participants over the same ages but in different years, or different ages same year

what is manipulated

the end product (it depends on what you have already done

children have the right t be protected from physical or psychological harm

all participant have the right to have explained to them all info and research that may affect their willingness to participate

have the right to conceal identity on all info collected

right to be informed of the results in language that they can understand

if experimental treatments believed to be BENEFECIAL but are under investigation, children in control groups have the right to alternative beneficial treatments if available

-Children developing in the same time period who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions -Threaten the validity of longitudinal findings because of difficulty generalizing children growing up during other time periods -A variable that can change the outcome

-Could children learn language after the critical period is over? -"wild child" raised w no social contact she is very damaged socially and mentally -it is assumed that language does have a critical period

-Critical Period: time when a particular type of development growth must happen if it is ever going to happen -Critical Period for language development: 3 years

Sensitive Period: a time when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later

-SRCD's (Society for Research in Child Development) Ethical Standards for Research in Children - for those under 18 yrs old - (IRB's) are used to regulate methodology and protect the rights of human participants

Race is a poor predictor

-refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience, rapid growth during childhood years, and eventually brain plasticity slows down.