Chapter 22 Review Questions

If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be? 764 mm Hg 756 mm Hg

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure. an increase; a decrease a decrease; an increase a decrease; a decrease an increase; an increase

Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________ move above; expiration. drop below; inspiration. drop below; expiration. move above; inspiration.

When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________ recoil; increases. expand; decreases. expand; increases. recoil; decreases.

When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause? airway pressure levels increasing above atmospheric; inspiration airway pressure levels increasing above atmospheric; expiration airway pressure reaching zero; expiration airway pressure reaching zero; inspiration

Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________ osmosis. facilitated diffusion. active transport. simple diffusion.

Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure? Alveolar air Pulmonary capillary blood

Surfactant is produced by __________________ macrophages. Type II pneumocytes. Type I pneumocytes. red blood cells.

Increased production of surfactant would __________________ result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases. not impact the rate of diffusion of respiratory gases. result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would increase diffusion of respiratory gases. result in a decrease in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would increase diffusion of respiratory gases.

Insufficient surfactant production would result in __________________ an excessive reduction in surface tension of the alveolar wall. a decrease in the intrapulmonary pressure. an increase in pulmonary compliance. a tendency for the lungs to collapse. an increase in air flow.

Oxygen molecules bind ___________________ of the hemoglobin. neither to the heme nor to the globin region specifically to the globin region specifically to the heme region either to the heme or to the globin region

A single hemoglobin displaying a saturation level of 75% would be bound to ___________________________ two oxygen molecules. four oxygen molecules. three oxygen molecules. one oxygen molecule.

The binding of CO to hemoglobin causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to ___________________ shift to the right, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is more likely to release bound oxygen. shift to the left, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is more likely to release bound oxygen. shift to the right, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound oxygen. shift to the left, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound oxygen.

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning would result in ____________________ of the tissues because oxygen ____________________ hypoxia; is released from hemoglobin to a greater than normal degree at the tissues. hypoxia; is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues. hyperoxia; is released from hemoglobin to a greater than normal degree at the tissues. hyperoxia; is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues.

Oxygen unloading occurs at the _________________________ This process causes a(n) _________________ in the oxygen partial pressure of the blood leaving this region. lungs.; increase lungs.; increase tissues.; decrease tissues.; increase lungs.; decrease

Hyperpnea would result in ___________________________ within the blood. a decrease in both Pressure (oxygen) and Pressure (carbon dioxide) an increase in Pressure (oxygen) and a decrease in Pressure (carbon dioxide) a decrease in Pressure (oxygen) and an increase in Pressure (carbon dioxide) an increase in both Pressure (oxygen) and Pressure (carbon dioxide)

Decreased Pressure (carbon dioxide) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of these conditions result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ______________________. This shift _______________ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. right; decreases left; decreases left; increases right; increases

Increased levels of 2,3 BPG occur in response to decreased blood pH levels. With all other variables unchanged, an increased concentration of 2,3 BPG in the blood would _____________________. result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right enhancing unloading of oxygen at the tissues. result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin association curve to the left, enhancing unloading of oxygen at the tissues. result in the shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left reducing the unloading of oxygen at the tissues. result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right reducing unloading of oxygen at the tissues. have no impact on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

Using the graph provided, determine the correct oxygen partial pressure associated with the classification of "high altitude." 112 mm Hg 130 mm Hg 534 mm Hg 617 mm Hg 89 mm Hg 365 mm Hg 77 mm Hg 426 mm Hg

The altitude of Kabul, Afghanistan, is approximately 6000 feet. What is the approximate alveolar oxygen partial pressure found here? 130 mm Hg 104 mm Hg 85 mm Hg 617 mm Hg 18 mm Hg

Under normal conditions, the alveolar oxygen partial pressure is ______________________ than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure. always lower always higher

Within the Tibetan highlander population, genetic variation has been found to determine relative oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels. Individuals within this population may be homozygous for either the low oxygen saturation gene or the high oxygen saturation gene. Individuals may also be heterozygous, carrying one low and one high oxygen saturation gene. Based on this information, individuals within the population carrying __________________________ alleles are expected to demonstrate a physiological advantage for survival. homozygous low oxygen saturation heterozygous oxygen saturation homozygous high oxygen saturation population

No genetic differences were found among the Andean population in either oxygen-hemoglobin saturation levels, nor hemoglobin concentrations. However, this group as a whole displayed higher hemoglobin concentration levels than their lower altitude neighbors. The most accurate explanation for this finding is that individuals constantly exposed to lower atmospheric partial pressures for oxygen would have a physiologic response which would _______________________. increase the cumulative number of red blood cells result in a higher than normal oxygen partial pressure gradient between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries enhance the binding of oxygen to the hemoglobin

___________________ is used to sustain metabolic activities within the cells, and ________________ is produced as a result of these activities. Oxygen; carbon dioxide Oxygen; oxygen Carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide; oxygen

Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the tissues is _____________ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the systemic capillaries. higher lower

The unloading of oxygen at the tissues results in the formation of ______________________ . This configuration of hemoglobin _____________________ carbon dioxide. deoxyhemoglobin; more readily binds to oxyhemoglobin; is less likely to bind to deoxyhemoglobin; is less likely to bind to oxyhemoglobin; more readily binds to

Under normal conditions, the region expected to have the lowest PCO2 is the ___________________ systemic capillaries. pulmonary capillaries. lungs. atmosphere.

If the atmospheric Pressure(CO2) exceeded the alveolar Pressure(CO2) the pulmonary capillary Pressure(CO2) would ________________________ likely remain in normal range. increase well above normal range. drop well below normal range.

A person suffering from hypercapnia compensates by ____________________ ventilation. decreasing increasing

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin. systemic; globin pulmonary; globin pulmonary; heme systemic; heme

The empirical formula for bicarbonate is ________________. HCO3- H2O CO2 H+ H2CO3

Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur? Pulmonary capillaries Systemic capillaries

Carbonic anhydrase is found in the _______________ where it directly catalyzes the formation of ____________________ red blood cells; carbonic acid into bicarbonate. blood plasma; carbon dioxide gas into carbonic acid. red blood cells; carbon dioxide gas into carbonic acid. blood plasma; carbonic acid into bicarbonate.

Blood pH decreases in response to ________________________ the dissociation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water. the dissociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels. the combination of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid.

Renal retention of bicarbonate _______________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory ____________________________ decreases; acidosis. increases; acidosis. decreases; alkalosis. increases; alkalosis.

Hypoventilation results in a(n) _________________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ___________________________ decrease; acidosis. increase; acidosis. increase; alkalosis. decrease; alkalosis.

Which of the following are bicarbonate ions exchanged for when they diffuse from plasma back into red blood cells? carbon dioxide molecules chloride ions water molecules hydrogen ions

At the respiratory membrane, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the plasma is _____ than in the _____ of the lungs. lower; alveoli lower; tertiary bronchioles higher; tertiary bronchioles higher; alveoli

The inspiratory muscles ____________ during normal exhalation resulting in a(n) __________________ in the thoracic volume. relax; increase contract; increase relax; decrease contract; decrease

The intrapulmonary pressure is _______________ than the atmospheric pressure during exhalation. higher lower

The reason tetrodotoxin causes death so quickly is directly related to __________________________ its stimulation of the respiratory nerves inducing hyperventilation. the loss of respiratory muscle function, which disables a person's ability to appropriately adjust thoracic volumes and associated intrapulmonary pressures. the large increase in the pulmonary Pressure (CO2), which is detected by the chemoreceptors in the brain stem. its ability to bind oxygen, thereby removing it from the tissues.

If four new drugs were discovered and each of them resulted in the unique physiologic responses indicated below, which drug do you think would hold the most promise as a cure for tetrodotoxin poisoning? Drug 1: Stimulated an increase in the amount of neurotransmitters released from motor neurons Drug 2: Inhibited action potentials of motor neurons Drug 3: Caused hyper-exitability of nervous and muscle tissue Drug 4: Dilated the alveoli within the lungs. Drug 4 Drug 1 Drug 2 Drug 3

Inspiration begins as __________. the diaphragm relaxes the diaphragm contracts the lungs expand the lungs contract the external and internal intercostals contract

What is the result of inspiration? An increased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. An increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. A decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. A decreased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. An increased alveolar pressure causes decreased alveolar volume.

Which of the following occurs during expiration? Increased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. Increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. Decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure. Decreased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. Decreased alveolar pressure causes increased alveolar volume.

Which of the following is true at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries? The Po2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli. The Po2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli . The Po2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli. The Po2 is higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries. The Po2 is lower at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries.

Which of the following is true at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries? The Pco2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli. The Pco2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli. The Pco2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli. The Pco2 is higher at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is lower in the alveoli than in the capillaries. The Pco2 is lower at first in the capillaries than in the alveoli, and then it is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries

At the arterial end of a tissue capillary, rank the following structures from highest to lowest Po2. Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells Cells, tissue fluid, capillaries Cells, capillaries, tissue fluid Tissue fluid, capillaries, cells The Po2 is the same in all three.

What determines the direction of gas movement? The temperature The size of the gas molecule The solubility of the gas in blood The partial pressure differences The pH

Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the lungs is true? Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs > Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs < Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs = Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs < Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs is < Pco2 in the blood Po2 in the lungs < Po2 in the blood; Pco2 in the lungs > Pco2 in the blood

Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the tissues is true? Po2 in blood is > Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood > Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood > Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood < Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood > Po2 in tissues; Pco2in blood = Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood < Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood < Pco2 in tissues Po2 in blood < Po2 in tissues; Pco2 in blood > Pco2 in tissues

What is the definition of partial pressure? The sum of the pressures contributed by each of the individual gases comprising air The separate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas comprising air The solubility of a gas The difference of the contribution of nitrogen from oxygen in air

Because gas exchange does not occur within the conducting zone of the respiratory system, it is also referred to as what? Anatomical dead space Pulmonary dead space Pleural dead space Clinical dead space

Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.04% carbon dioxide. If we assume sea-level pressure of 760 mm Hg, what is the Po2? 159 mm Hg 597 mm Hg 3.7 mm Hg 0.3 mm Hg

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box? Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages

Which term refers to the double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung? Peritoneum Pleurae Meninges Pericardium

Which of the following explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)? Hemoglobin has only one binding site for oxygen. Binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper. Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is inversely related to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, so the midportion of the curve flattens out. Hemoglobin binds more oxygen at higher temperatures.

Which of the following best summarizes the Bohr effect? The rate of carbon dioxide loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. The rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. More oxygen will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration.