Respiratory System

All of the following are part of the upper respiratory tract except the __________. a. oropharynx b. trachea c. larynx d. nasal cavity e. nasopharynx

What structure helps keep the airways open? a. epiglottis b. smooth muscle c. leukotrienes d. cartilage rings e. cricoid cartilage

Sounds are produced because of vibration of the ___________. a. epiglottis b. vocal folds c. glottis d. larynx e. rima glottidis

The nose/nasal cavity has all of the following functions except which? a. filtering particles from air b. warming inhaled air c. increasing compliance d. increasing speech resonance e. moistening inhaled air

Inspired air directly enters the alveoli through the _________. a. trachea b. tertiary bronchi c. primary bronchi d. respiratory bronchioles e. terminal bronchioles

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the peripheral tissues is correctly called ________. a. internal respiration b. ventilation c. cellular respiration d. external respiration e. bulk flow

What keeps the visceral pleura in close proximity to the parietal pleura? a. trans-alveolar pressure b. positive pressure in the intrapleural space c. surface tension of the intrapleural fluid d. the mesothelia are one and the same e. spider web-like processes extending from the outer covering

Which of the following does not help with inhalation (inspiration)? a. diaphragm contraction b. increasing thoracic cavity size c. lung compliance d. internal intercostal muscle contraction e. pleural cavity negative pressure

The concentration of oxygen in atmospheric air is about _____. a. 5% b. 21% c. 42% d. 79% e. 95%

___________ allows alveoli to overcome fluid surface tension and expand during inspiration. a. Compliance b. Surfactant c. Basement membrane d. Carina e. Mucous

What happens if a person's phrenic nerves are severed (or the spinal cord at C2)? a. blood pressure drops. b. ventilation stops. c. the lungs over-inflate. d. heart rate decreases. e. peristalsis is inhibited.

Which of the following involves spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and spasmodic contraction of the glottis? a) coughing b) hiccupping c) sneezing d) sobbing e) yawning

External respiration involves the movement of O2 in which of the following ways? a) Alveoli ? blood in pulmonary capillaries b) Atmosphere ? alveoli c) blood in pulmonary capillaries ? alveoli d) blood in systemic capillaries ? interstitial fluid ? tissue cells e) tissue cells ? interstitial fluid ? blood in systemic capillaries

the mechanism for obtaining oxygen from the air and delivering the tissue

gas exchange between alveoli and blood

gas exchange between blood and cells

external openings are called nares

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epthelial cells and goblet cells

the ethmoid and vomer bone, with cartilage, that divides the left and right sides

nose job, for cosmetic reasons or deviated septum

filters, warms, and moistens air, has olfactory receptors

passage for air from internal nares to larynx

superior larynx, flap of cartilage that opens to allow air to pass and closes when swallowing food or drink

voice box, cartilage

larger in males because of hormones, it is cartilage that surrounds the larynx for protection

found in larynx, ligaments stretched between cartilage, air moves between and muscles pull ligaments tight

inflammation of larynx from infection and irritants, causes swelling of vocal chords so they cannot vibrate

next to trachea, used for emergency airway

windpipe anterior to esophagus, cartilage tube with rings of hyaline cartilage so it does not collapse

incision below cricoids cartilage on trachea with tube to create emergency passageway

trachea branches to right and left lungs, they branch 3 times

further division of bronchi, less cartilage and more smooth muscle

bronchiole smooth muscle goes into spasms and collapse because no supporting cartilage, adrenaline helps open up

found in pleural cavity, from clavicle to diphragm

cardiac notch, 10% smaller, 2 lobes

at end of terminal bronchioles, site of gas exchange

reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse

wandering phagocytes that remove dust particles and other debris

muscke that forms the thoracic floor, when it contracts it flattens and help lungs expand for inhalation

used to measure respiratory rate and amount of air inhaled

walls of alveoli destroyed, often a precursor to lung cancer

leading cause if cancer death, usually well advanced when diagnosed and death usually occurs withing a year, survival rate is 10-15%, 85% of lung cancer due to smoking

most common infectious cause of death in U.S., acute inflammation of alveoli which causes fluid accumulation

bacteria infects lungs, multiply and cause inflammation

abnormal fluid build-up in interstitial spaces and alveoli, can occur during heart attack

Which of the following is the site of the exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and air-filled spaces in the lungs? a) respiratory membrane b) systemic capillaries c) terminal bronchioles d) tertiary (segmental) bronchi e) visceral pleura

Which of the choices listed below is FALSE for the nasopharynx? a) lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium b) is the superior portion of the pharynx c) has openings that lead to the auditory (eustachian) tubes d) is lined with stratified squamous epithelium e) moves dust-laden mucus down the pharynx

Which of the following is a/are function(s) of the internal structures of the nose? 1. filtering incoming air 2. moistening incoming air 3. detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli 4. warming incoming air 5. modifying speech vibrations a) 1 only b) 1, 2, 4 only c) 1, 2, 3, 4 only d) 1, 2, 4, 5 only e) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Using the figure shown, which of the following statements is FALSE? a) During contraction the diaphragm flattens out. b) For inhalation (inspiration) to occur, the volume of the lungs must first increase. c) For normal exhalation (expiration), the diaphragm and external intercostals relax. d) When the volume of the lungs decreases, the alveolar pressure increases. e) Lung volume increases because air rushes in from the atmosphere

Air passing from the pharynx to the trachea must pass through the: a. nasal cavity b. bronchi c. larynx d. diaphragm

This structure prevents food from entering the airway a. vestibular fold b. uvula c. laryngopharnx d. epiglottis

The membrane that adheres to the outer surface of the lungs is the : a. respiratory membrane b. visceral pleura c. parietal pleura d. mucosa

Which of the following delivers air to the lobes of the lungs: a. primary bronchi b. secondary bronchi c. tertiary bronchi d. terminal bronchioles

All of the following are part of the conduction zone except: a. main bronchi b. respiratory bronchioles c. segmental bronchioles d. terminal bronchioles

An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container? a. Increase the pressure b. decrease the pressure c. no effect d. temporary effect

Surfactant decreases the ______________ in the alveoli. a. surface tension b. pressure c. compliance d. volume

This volume of air remains int he lungs after maximal expiration. a. vital capacity b. expiratory reserve volume c. tidal volume d. residual volume

All of the following statements are true of inspiration except: a. the rib cage is elevated b. the diaphragm is relaxed c. volume in the thoracic cavity has increased d. intrapulmonary pressure has decreased

Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing? a. Surfactant b. Intrapulmonary pressure c. Transpulmonary pressure d. Intrapleural pressure

Which of the following is the most abundant gas in our air? a. Oxygen b. Hydrogen c. Nitrogen d. Argon

The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a gas mixture is the _______________ of that gas a. partial force b. partial percentage c. partial volume d. partial pressure

Hyperbaric chambers are clinical applications of which gas law? a. Boyle's b. dalton's c. Frank-Starling d. Henry's

The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following except: a. the thickness of the respiratory membrane b. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli c. partial pressure of oxygen in the blood d. partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause: a. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles. b. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles. c. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles. d. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and constriction of bronchioles.

Normal quiet respiration is controlled by the: a. dorsal respiratory group b. ventral respiratory group c. pontine respiratory group d. cerebral cortex

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate? a. decrease b. increase c. no effect d. no effect unless lung damage is present

The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor? a. Nociceptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Mechanoreceptors d. Thermoreceptors

Apneustic breathing occurs as a result of damage to which respiratory center? a. Dorsal respiratory group b. Ventral respiratory group c. Pontine respiratory group d. Eupnea respiratory group

When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe due to: a. a decrease in N2. b. a decrease in O2. c. an increase in CO2. d. an increase in pH.

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? a. nasopharynx b. laryngopharynx c. nasal cavity d. oral cavity

Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree a. alveoli b. bronchi c. terminal bronchioles d. respiratory bronchioles

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? a. mediastinum b. fissure c. root d. pleura

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the _____________.

The ___________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the obyd

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ___________

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a. pulmonary ventilation b. production of pulmonary surfactant c. resistance d. surface tension

Gas flow decreases as ____________ increases

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? a. the diaphragm moves downward b. the rib cage is compressed c. the thoracic cavity volume decreases d. the ribs and sternum move upward

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? a. residual volume b. tidal volume c. expiatory reserve volume d. inspiratory reserve volume

Gas moves from an area of _____ partial pressure to an area of _____ partial pressure

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs? a. the capillary constricts b. the capillary dilates c. the partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases d. the bronchioles dilate

gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissue is called

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. what happens to the carbon dioxide?

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following? a. hemoglobin & carbon dioxide b. carbonic anhydrase & carbon dioxide c. hemoglobin & oxygen d. carbonic anhydrase & oxygen

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? a. temperature b. pH cBPG d. all of the above

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift? a. chloride is removed from the erythrocyte chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate c. bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte d. bicarbonate is removed from the blood

a low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ______.

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________.

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following? a. low partial pressure of oxygen b. low atmospheric pressure c. abnormal neural signals d. small venous reserve of oxygen

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? a. AMS b. high blood levels of carbon dioxide c. low atmospheric pressure d. erythropoietin

The olfactory pits form from which of the following? a. mesoderm b. cartilage c. ectodermd. endoderm

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by _________

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?

When do fetal breathing movements begin?

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?