Pulmonary(GOOD)-1

1) The respiratory quotient is calculated as the ________. A) ratio of the volume of oxygen consumed per volume of carbon dioxide produced B) ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced per volume of oxygen consumed C) product of the volume of carbon dioxide consumed and the volume of oxygen produced D) product of the volume of oxygen consumed and the volume of carbon dioxide produced E) sum of the volume of oxygen consumed and the volume of carbon dioxide produced

2) If oxygen is consumed by the body cells at a rate of 300 mL per minute, then how much oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries? A) 300 mL per minute B) more than 300 mL per minute C) less than 300 mL per minute D) depends on where the oxygen is being utilized E) depends on whether or not carbon dioxide is being produced at the same rate

3) Oxygenated blood is found in which of the following? A) right atrium only B) pulmonary artery only C) pulmonary vein only D) both the right atrium and pulmonary artery E) both the right atrium and pulmonary vein

4) Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood occurs by what process? A) simple diffusion B) facilitated diffusion C) osmosis D) primary active transport E) secondary active transport

5) Which of the following is NOT part of the pathway that must be crossed by oxygen on its way to binding with hemoglobin? A) alveolar epithelial cell B) basement membrane C) alveolar mucosal barrier D) endothelial cell E) red blood cell membrane

6) Which of the following does NOT contribute to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the blood within the lungs? A) rapid blood flow B) thin membrane C) large surface area D) concentration gradient E) permeability of the membrane

7) In a mixture of gases, the driving force for the movement of an individual gas within that mixture is ultimately the ________. A) solubility of the gas B) total pressure of the gases C) fractional concentration of that gas D) partial pressure of that gas E) volume of the gas

8) What is the most abundant gas in the air that we breathe? A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) water vapor D) argon E) nitrogen

9) What percentage of air is oxygen? A) < 1% B) 6% C) 12% D) 21% E) 79%

10) What percentage of air is carbon dioxide? A) < 1% B) 6% C) 12% D) 21% E) 79%

11) What is the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas mixture that is 40% oxygen, 40% argon, and 20% helium, when the total pressure of the gas is 1,000 mm Hg? A) 100 mm Hg B) 200 mm Hg C) 333 mm Hg D) 400 mm Hg E) 600 mm Hg

12) What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air at sea level? A) 60 mm Hg B) 160 mm Hg C) 210 mm Hg D) 400 mm Hg E) 600 mm Hg

13) As humidity increases, the partial pressure of oxygen in air ________. A) increases as the total pressure of air remains the same B) increases as the total pressure of air increases C) decreases as the total pressure of air remains the same D) decreases as the total pressure of air increases E) does not change

14) As the air is saturated with water vapor (humidified) upon entry into the conducting pathway, there will be ________. A) a selective increase in the partial pressure of nitrogen B) a selective decrease in the partial pressure of nitrogen C) no change in the partial pressure of the remaining gases D) a decrease in the partial pressure of the remaining gases E) an increase in the partial pressure of the remaining gases

15) At equilibrium, the gas molecules that dissolve in solution and those that remain in the gaseous phase are, by definition, at the same ________. A) temperature B) concentration C) partial pressure D) volume E) humidity

16) The relationship between the concentration of a gas in solution and the partial pressure of that gas can be described by ________. A) Boyle's Law B) Fick's Law C) Dalton's Law D) Henry's Law E) Poiseuille's Law

17) Which of the following can increase the concentration of a particular gas in a solution? A) increase the partial pressure of that gas exposed to the solution B) increase the volume of the container containing the gas and solution C) increase the volume of the gas only D) increase the volume of the solution only E) decrease the concentration of other gases in the solution

18) At equilibrium, which of the following statements is true when helium and nitrogen are present in a gas at equal partial pressures over water? A) The concentrations of helium and nitrogen in the gas are equal. B) The partial pressures of helium and nitrogen in the water are equal. C) The concentrations of helium and nitrogen in the water are equal. D) The concentrations of helium and nitrogen in BOTH the water and gas are equal. E) The partial pressure of nitrogen is greater than the partial pressure of helium.

19) The mixing of atmospheric air within the dead space of the conducting zone of the lung upon inspiration results in a partial pressure of ________. A) water vapor in the alveoli that is lower than atmospheric B) nitrogen in the alveoli that is higher than atmospheric C) oxygen in the alveoli that is lower than atmospheric D) carbon dioxide in the alveoli that is lower than atmospheric E) oxygen in the alveoli that is higher than atmospheric

20) Which of the following causes a decrease in the PO2 of air as it enters the conducting zone of the lungs? A) humidifying the air B) warming of the air C) the increasing PCO2 D) the consumption of oxygen E) decreasing alveolar PO2

21) Pulmonary edema describes a condition where the uptake of oxygen and unloading of carbon dioxide is reduced as a consequence of a(n) ________. A) thickening of the diffusion barrier by fluid accumulation in the pulmonary blood B) thickening of the diffusion barrier by fluid accumulation in the alveoli C) decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus D) decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolus E) increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

22) At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air? A) 21 mm Hg B) 40 mm Hg C) 46 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg E) 160 mm Hg

23) At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar air? A) 21 mm Hg B) 40 mm Hg C) 46 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg E) 160 mm Hg

24) At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins? A) 21 mm Hg B) 40 mm Hg C) 46 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg E) 160 mm Hg

25) At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary arteries? A) 21 mm Hg B) 40 mm Hg C) 46 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg E) 160 mm Hg

26) At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins? A) 21 mm Hg B) 40 mm Hg C) 46 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg E) 160 mm Hg

27) At sea level, what is the normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic veins? A) 21 mm Hg B) 40 mm Hg C) 46 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg E) 160 mm Hg

28) During intense exercise, the metabolic activity of muscle causes a ________ in the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue, ________ the movement of oxygen into the tissue. A) decrease : reducing B) decrease : facilitating C) increase : reducing D) increase : facilitating E) does not change : facilitating

29) A typical value for blood PO2 in the pulmonary vein is ________, whereas PCO2 is ________. A) 150 mm Hg : 0.3 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg : 100 mm Hg C) 40 mm Hg : 46 mm Hg D) 40 mm Hg : 100 mm Hg E) 100 mm Hg : 40 mm Hg

30) Under resting conditions, equilibration between alveolar PO2 and PCO2 with blood PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary capillaries occurs in approximately how many seconds? A) 3 B) 2 C) 1 D) 0.5 E) 0.25

31) Under resting conditions, equilibration between alveolar PO2 and PCO2 with blood PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary capillaries is completed by the time the blood has traveled what portion of the distance of the pulmonary capillaries? A) 1/10 B) 1/8 C) 1/4 D) 1/3 E) 1/2

32) Mixed venous blood samples can be taken from which of the following blood vessels? A) pulmonary vein B) pulmonary artery C) inferior vena cava D) aorta E) superior vena cava

33) The venous blood in the right ventricle is referred to as "mixed" because the blood that enters the heart ________. A) has a low PO2 B) contains a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide C) comes from tissue with differing metabolic activities D) has a high PCO2 E) is drained from the body

34) What is an increase in alveolar ventilation to match the demands of increased metabolic activity in the cells called? A) hyperventilation B) hypoventilation C) hyperpnea D) hypopnea E) dyspnea

35) Hyperventilation would lead to a(n) ________ within the systemic arteries. A) selective decrease in PO2 B) selective increase in PO2 C) selective decrease in PCO2 D) increase in PO2 and decrease in PCO2 E) decrease in PO2 and increase in PCO2

36) What is a decrease in carbon dioxide within the blood called? A) hypoxia B) hypoxemia C) hypocapnia D) hypercapnia E) hyperpnea

37) The majority of oxygen present within the blood is ________. A) bound to hemoglobin within the plasma B) bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells C) dissolved within the plasma D) in the plasma as HCO3- E) bound to plasma proteins

38) Each ________ on the hemoglobin subunit is capable of binding an oxygen molecule, thereby allowing ________ oxygen to bind with one hemoglobin molecule. A) heme : four B) heme : three C) globin : four D) globin : three E) free iron : one

39) What is the primary driving force for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin? A) PCO2 B) PO2 C) pH D) temperature E) 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)

40) If hemoglobin is saturated (1.3 mL of oxygen per gram) and there are 150 grams of hemoglobin per liter of blood, how much oxygen can be delivered to the tissue if cardiac output is 15 liters per minute? A) 650 g O2/min B) 1300 mL O2/min C) 1300 g O2/min D) 2925 mL O2/min E) 2925 g O2/min

41) What is the definition of anemia? A) a decrease in PO2 B) a increase in PCO2 C) a decrease in hemoglobin D) a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood E) a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

42) What is labored or difficult breathing called? A) hyperpnea B) dyspnea C) hypopnea D) eupnea E) apnea

43) What is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues called? A) apnea B) hypoxia C) hypoxemia D) hypocapnia E) hypercapnia

44) What is rapid shallow breathing called? A) tachypnea B) apnea C) dyspnea D) hyperpnea E) eupnea

45) What is a decrease in oxygen in the blood called? A) hypoxia B) hypoxemia C) anemia D) hypocapnia E) dysnemia

46) As oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the ________ of the hemoglobin molecule will change through a process of ________ such that the binding of oxygen is enhanced. A) amino acid sequence : phosphorylation B) cooperativity : negativity C) cooperativity : positivity D) affinity : negative cooperativity E) affinity : positive cooperativity

47) Which of the following statements is FALSE of a leftward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? A) Affinity for oxygen is increased. B) Oxygen loading onto the hemoglobin is increased. C) Hemoglobin is more saturated at a given PO2. D) It can be caused by an increase in blood pH. E) It can be caused by an increase in PCO2.

48) Which of the following statements is FALSE of a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? A) Affinity for oxygen is decreased. B) A rightward shift usually occurs in active tissue. C) Hemoglobin unloading of oxygen is increased. D) Oxygen loading onto hemoglobin is decreased. E) It can be caused by a decrease in 2, 3-BPG.

49) Which of the following will cause a shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right? A) increase in temperature only B) increase in plasma pH only C) increase in 2,3-BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) only D) both an increase in temperature and an increase in 2, 3-BPG E) both an increase in temperature and an increase in plasma pH

50) As it leaves the lung in the pulmonary vein, blood is ________ saturated with oxygen. A) 75% B) 90% C) 98% D) completely (100%) E) supersaturated (108%)

51) Which of the following increases oxygen unloading from hemoglobin? A) increased carbon dioxide in the tissue B) increased oxygen levels in the tissue C) increased blood pH D) decreased metabolism E) decreased temperature

52) Which of the following will increase the unloading of oxygen within the tissue? A) increased hydrogen ion concentration only B) increased PCO2 only C) increased body temperature only D) both increased hydrogen ion concentration and increased body temperature E) increased hydrogen ion concentration, increased body temperature, and increased PCO2

53) Which of the following will increase the loading of oxygen onto the hemoglobin molecule within the lungs? A) decreased hydrogen ion concentration B) increased PCO2 C) decreased pH D) increased 2,3-bishosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) E) increased body temperature

54) In the systemic arteries, the partial pressure of oxygen is approximately ________, and hemoglobin is approximately ________ saturated with oxygen. A) 40 mm Hg : 75% B) 60 mm Hg : 50% C) 100 mm Hg : 75% D) 40 mm Hg : 50% E) 100 mm Hg : 98%

55) In the pulmonary arteries, the partial pressure of oxygen is approximately ________, and hemoglobin is approximately ________ saturated with oxygen. A) 25 mm Hg : 50% B) 40 mm Hg : 75% C) 60 mm Hg : 80% D) 80 mm Hg : 90% E) 100 mm Hg : 98%

56) The carbamino effect describes a change in the conformation of hemoglobin that is induced by ________. A) an increase in pH B) a decrease in temperature C) an increase in temperature D) an increase in CO2 E) a decrease in pH

57) Which of the following statements about 2,3-BPG is FALSE? A) 2,3-BPG is an intermediate of glycolysis. B) 2,3-BPG produces a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. C) 2,3-BPG synthesis is inhibited by high levels of oxyhemoglobin. D) 2,3-BPG increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. E) 2,3-BPG is produced by red blood cells.

58) Where in blood does the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate occur? A) erythrocytes B) platelets C) capillary endothelial cells D) leukocytes E) plasma

59) What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide transport in blood? A) dissolved in the plasma B) dissolved in the red blood cells C) bound to hemoglobin D) as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma E) as bicarbonate dissolved in the red blood cells

60) The presence of bicarbonate ions in the blood has an important direct effect, aside from the transport of CO2, that involves ________. A) stimulating the proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells B) altering the activity of several receptors C) altering the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen D) maintaining acid-base balance E) altering the activity of carbonic anhydrase

61) Within an erythrocyte, the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate is prevented from reaching equilibrium by the ________. A) absence of a nucleus B) presence of oxygen C) temperature of the body D) presence of hydrogen ions E) efflux of bicarbonate from the erythrocyte via the chloride shift

62) The hydrogen ions released by the dissociation of carbonic acid are buffered by their ________. A) transport out of the erythrocyte as a sodium ion moves in B) binding to DNA within the nucleus C) transport into the erythrocyte as sodium ions move out D) binding to hemoglobin E) active transport out of the erythrocyte

63) The Haldane effect describes the increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 in the presence of a lowered ________. A) PCO2 B) concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3-) C) PO2 D) pH E) temperature

64) During quiet breathing, a person's breathing cycle consists of ________. A) contraction of inspiratory muscles B) contraction and relaxation of inspiratory muscles C) contraction and relaxation of inspiratory and expiratory muscles D) contraction of expiratory muscles E) contraction of inspiratory muscles and relaxation of expiratory muscles

65) Which of the following nerves have activity during quiet inspiration? A) phrenic nerve only B) internal intercostal nerve only C) external intercostal nerve only D) both the phrenic nerve and internal intercostal nerves E) both the phrenic nerve and external intercostal nerves

66) During active breathing, bursts of action potentials are observed to occur ________. A) exclusively in the inspiratory motor neurons B) simultaneously in the inspiratory and expiratory motor neurons C) exclusively in the expiratory motor neurons D) asynchronously in the inspiratory and expiratory motor neurons E) synchronously in the inspiratory and expiratory motor neurons

67) The ________ is the respiratory center that appears to facilitate the transition between inspiration and expiration. A) medullary respiratory group B) pontine respiratory group C) dorsal respiratory group D) ventral respiratory group E) central pattern generator

68) Inspiratory neurons are located in the ________. A) dorsal respiratory group only B) ventral respiratory group only C) pontine respiratory group only D) both dorsal and ventral respiratory groups E) dorsal, ventral, and pontine respiratory groups

69) In the model of quiet breathing, the breathing rhythm originated by the central pattern generator activates the ________. A) inspiratory neurons in the dorsal respiratory center B) expiratory neurons in the dorsal respiratory center C) inspiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory center D) both expiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory center E) both inspiratory neurons in the dorsal and ventral respiratory center

70) In the model for quiet breathing, expiration is induced by ________. A) abrupt termination of inspiration B) activation of expiratory neurons in the dorsal respiratory center C) activation of inspiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory center D) activation of expiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory center E) activation of inspiratory neurons in the dorsal respiratory center

71) Which of the following is NOT one of the sensory receptors that alter the output from the central pattern generator? A) peripheral chemoreceptor B) central chemoreceptor C) pulmonary stretch receptor D) pulmonary baroreceptors E) irritant receptors

72) Coughing is initiated by ________ located in the ________. A) chemoreceptors : trachea B) irritant receptors : nose and pharynx C) irritant receptors : trachea D) chemoreceptors : nose and pharynx E) stretch receptor : trachea

73) Peripheral chemoreceptors are specialized cells in contact with arterial blood that respond directly to changes in blood ________. A) pH B) PO2 C) PCO2 D) PCO2 and PO2 E) PO2, pH, and PCO2

74) Central chemoreceptors are neurons in the medulla that respond directly to changes in ________. A) cerebrospinal fluid pH B) blood pH C) cerebrospinal fluid PO2 and pH D) blood pH and PO2 E) cerebrospinal fluid PO2

75) Chemoreceptors respond primarily to changes in PCO2 indirectly by its effect on ________. A) 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration B) PO2 C) lactic acid concentration D) hydrogen ion concentration E) hemoglobin concentration

76) Hyperventilation will cause changes in PCO2 that are detected by the chemoreceptors which causes a(n) ________. A) decrease in breathing rate only B) increase in depth of breathing only C) increase in breathing rate only D) increase in breathing rate and depth of breathing E) decrease in breathing rate and depth of breathing

77) Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors in humans? A) aortic bodies only B) carotid bodies only C) medulla oblongata only D) both aortic and carotid bodies E) both carotid bodies and medulla oblongata

78) Which of the following BEST describes a chemoreceptor response to PO2? A) Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to small changes in PO2. B) Central chemoreceptors respond to only large decreases in PO2. C) Peripheral chemoreceptors respond only indirectly to PO2. D) Central chemoreceptors do not respond to changes in PO2. E) Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to oxyhemoglobin.

79) A decrease in PCO2 within the lung will result in a ________ in the pulmonary vasculature and a ________ in the bronchioles. A) vasoconstriction : lack of change B) weak vasoconstriction : bronchodilation C) vasodilation : weak bronchodilation D) weak vasodilation : bronchoconstriction E) lack of change : weak bronchoconstriction

80) A local bronchodilation within the alveolus will result in a(n) ________ in the ventilation-perfusion ratio in that region, whereas a vasoconstriction will result in a(n) ________ in the ventilation-perfusion ratio. A) increase : increase B) increase : decrease C) decrease : increase D) decrease : decrease E) lack of change : increase

81) The primary effect of increased PO2 in the lungs is to cause ________ which ________ the ventilation-perfusion ratio. A) bronchoconstriction : decreases B) bronchodilation : increases C) vasoconstriction : decreases D) vasodilation : decreases E) vasoconstriction : increases

82) The primary effect of increased PCO2 in the lungs is to cause ________ which ________ the ventilation-perfusion ratio. A) bronchoconstriction : decreases B) bronchodilation : increases C) vasoconstriction : decreases D) vasodilation : decreases E) vasoconstriction : increases

83) When the blood becomes ________, it can lead to a depression in the activity of the central nervous system. A) hypoxic B) hypocapnic C) pH 7.4 D) acidic E) alkaline

84) The buffering capacity of hemoglobin is directly related to its ability to bind with ________. A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) carbon monoxide D) hydrogen ions E) nitrogen

85) Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood, whose concentration is regulated by the ________. A) kidneys B) lungs C) heart D) liver E) pancreas

86) A change in the ratio of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide concentration in the blood will ________. A) change blood potassium concentration B) change blood chloride concentration C) cause a bronchodilation D) cause a vasodilation of systemic arterioles E) change blood pH

87) Respiratory acidosis will result from a(n) ________. A) increase in blood CO2 concentration B) decrease in blood CO2 concentration C) increase in blood bicarbonate D) decrease in blood bicarbonate E) increase in carbon monoxide