You have just jumped into the ocean after your boat began to sink. Luckily, you found an air tank before you jumped. Unluckily, the air tank has been used. The gauge says there is now exactly 30,000mL of air left in the tank. Fortunately, you know how to meditate and you've calmed yourself to the point where you are only taking normal, resting breaths. How many times can you inspire at this normal volume before the tank runs out?
answer
60 times
question
Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin.
answer
false
question
The airplane you are riding suddenly depressurizes at 10,000 feet in the air. This causes the PO2 of the airplane's air to drastically decrease. You pass out before you can put on your oxygen mask. After a few seconds, the PO2 in your alveoli rapidly drops to 60 mmHg instead of the normal 104 mmHg. How will this affect blood gas concentrations?
answer
Blood PO2 will become low and much less oxygen will be delivered to tissues until cabin pressure returns.
question
What effect will hyperventilation have on the blood carbon dioxide level?
answer
Blood CO2 level will decrease.
question
The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.
answer
true
question
Another word for breathing is ventilation.
answer
true
question
Another word for breathing is ventilation.
answer
tidal volume
question
"I'm going to hold my breath until I die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was physically unable to carry out her threat because
answer
increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors.
question
One of the causes of the cancer mesothelioma is excessive lung irritation and damage by asbestos. The asbestos, once it has entered the lungs, can puncture and progressively move through the lung until it reaches the serous membrane covering the lung, known as the __________.
answer
visceral pleura
question
Assuming an atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg, at what intra-alveolar pressure would expiration occur?
answer
762 mmHg
question
The bronchus and blood vessels enter a lung through the __________.
answer
hilum
question
The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration.
answer
True
question
Atelectasis is
answer
a collapsed lung.
question
When the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels, they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to __________ breathing rate.
answer
increase
question
The first event in inspiration is
answer
the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract.
question
Inspiration is a passive process, relying on tissue recoil to change thoracic volume.
answer
False
question
The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as
answer
Boyle's law.
question
Indicate the equation used to calculate minute ventilation.
answer
Minute ventilation = tidal volume x breathing rate
question
While at the store, 4-year-old Bobby, in a fit of temper, started to hold his breath in an attempt to force his mom to buy him a new toy. His mother knew to not get too worried about her son's behavior. He would only be able to hold his breath for a limited amount of time, not enough to do him any harm.
answer
As Bobby held his breath, what changes in his blood gas values would be occurring?
Decrease in PO2; increase in PCO2
Which of these changes in blood gases will be the first to stimulate Bobby's respiratory system to start breathing again?
The change in PCO2
question
At the tissues, the amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin __________ as the blood pH decreases.
answer
increases
question
When carbon dioxide combines with water, the compound __________ is formed.
answer
carbonic acid
question
Air entering the potential space of the pleural cavity is called
answer
pneumothorax.
question
Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may
answer
obstruct the airway.
question
Police stop a very drunk Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably. Why does he fail so badly?
answer
The thinness of his respiratory membranes allows volatile alcohol molecules to enter the alveoli and become detectable by the machine.
question
Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages?
answer
Cooling exhaled air
question
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes what reaction?
answer
Carbon dioxide reaction with water
question
In a mixture of gases, each gas creates a pressure called its __________.
answer
partial pressure
question
The three major cartilages of the larynx include the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the __________ cartilage.
answer
epiglottal
question
Increased blood concentration of carbon dioxide leads to a(n) __________ in levels of hydrogen ions, with both causing similar effects upon the respiratory areas.
answer
increase
question
Carbon monoxide is toxic because it destroys respiratory areas in the brain.
answer
False
question
Oxygen plays a minor role in control of normal respiration because
answer
deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated.
question
The inferior pair of vocal folds inside the larynx are called the __________ vocal cords.
answer
true
question
Which of the following occur with emphysema?
answer
The walls of the alveoli degenerate, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.
question
What nonrespiratory air movement helps to clear the upper respiratory passageways?
answer
Sneezing
question
A person having an anxiety attack breathes very rapidly. After a minute, their blood CO2 concentration appears to have lowered and they become very dazed. Their altered breathing pattern is called __________.
answer
hyperventilation
question
Place the following labels in order to show the path taken as oxygen molecules diffuse across the respiratory membrane.
A flashlight placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room illuminates the
answer
frontal sinus.
question
Which of the following describes the process of breathing?
answer
Movement of air into and out of lungs
question
Increased blood concentration of carbon dioxide leads to a(n) __________ in levels of hydrogen ions, with both causing similar effects upon the respiratory areas.
answer
increaseCorrect
question
The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords.
answer
False
question
Cellular respiration enables cells to harness the energy from oxygen.
answer
false
question
Which three statements describe the nasal conchae?
answer
They increase the surface area of the internal nose.
They are bones and bony processes.
They support the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity.
question
The saturation of hemoglobin is __________% at the arterial PO2 of 95 mmHg, and is __________% at the venous PO2 of 40 mmHg.
answer
100; 75
question
During an asthma attack, the patient usually finds it most difficult to
answer
exhale.
question
A sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed is a
answer
hiccup.
question
Cathy develops a tumor in her brainstem that puts pressure on the respiratory centers. Her doctor notices that control of her diaphragm is abnormal and irregular movements occur during inspiration. Responses to sensory input are delayed and abnormal. Which specific respiratory center must be receiving pressure from the tumor?
answer
The dorsal respiratory group
question
What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood traveling via systemic arteries to tissues?
answer
PO2 = 95 mmHg and PCO2 = 40 mmHg
question
Respiration is
answer
the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.
question
The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.
answer
true
question
Compared to the blood carbon dioxide level and blood pH, the level of blood oxygen is the most important factor in the regulation of respiratory rate and depth.
answer
false
question
You are singing a song at karaoke and reach a part that requires a high pitch. To hit the high notes, you
answer
increase the tension on your vocal cords.
question
Match each cause of hypoxia with its correct classification.
answer
Cells receive adequate oxygen, but are unable to use it. Histotoxic hypoxia
Reduced oxygen transport by blood (i.e., reduced RBC count; reduced hemoglobin content). Anemic hypoxia
Inadequate blood flow to tissues. Ischemic hypoxia
Decreased arterial PO2. Hypoxemic hypoxia
question
Pneumonia can be caused by
answer
bacteria, viruses, or fungi
question
The airplane you are riding suddenly depressurizes at 10,000 feet in the air. This causes the PO2 of the airplane's air to drastically decrease. You pass out before you can put on your oxygen mask. After being exposed to these pressure conditions for a time, PO2 of the blood after oxygenation is only 60 mmHg. How saturated will hemoglobin be in these conditions (if the temperature remains around 38 degrees C)?
answer
About 90% saturated
question
What is the anatomical name for the voice box?
answer
larynx
question
Alveoli are kept clean by the action of
answer
macrophages
question
Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of
answer
heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight.
question
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the combination of what two lung volumes?
answer
Residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
question
Tidal volume = 500 mL Tidal volume = 800 mL Tidal volume = 300
Breathing rate = 12 breaths/minute Breathing rate = 8 breaths/minute Breathing rate = 20 breaths/min
Physiologic dead space = 150 mL Physiologic dead space = 150 mL Physiologic dead space = 150 mL
Compared to quiet breathing, which pattern of respiration would INCREASE alveolar ventilation?
answer
Slow, deep breathing
question
Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?
answer
At the alveoli
question
In addition to oxygen exchange, the respiratory system functions to eliminate carbon dioxide . Too much of this gas can cause a(n) decrease in blood pH, compromising homeostasis.
answer
carbon dioxide
decrease
question
In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was
answer
very small particles of debris.
question
Place the following parts of the equation in the proper location to show how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Each label will be used twice.
answer
In RBCs at Alveolar Capillaries:
HCO3- + H+ >>> h2co3 >>> CO2 + H 2O
In RBCs at Systemic Capillaries:
CO2 + H 2O >>> h2co3 >>> HCO3- + H+
question
At high altitudes, when capillary pressure becomes too high,
answer
fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli (pulmonary edema).
question
The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax.
answer
true
question
Which of the following bones contains paranasal sinuses? Check all that apply
answer
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Maxillary bone
question
Indicate the equation used to calculate alveolar ventilation.
answer
Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - physiologic dead space) x breathing rate
question
What is the effect on alveolar surface area and gas exchange of the thinning of alveolar walls and coalescing of alveoli that occurs with aging?
answer
A decrease in surface area and decrease in gas exchange
question
Match the respiratory organ with its function.
answer
Entry point for airflow during inspiration Nose
Voice production Larynx
Branching structures carrying air to alveoli Bronchial tree
Warms, filters, and moistens air as it enters respiratory tract Nasal cavity
Respiratory organs; comprised of airways and air sacs Lungs
Reduces weight of skull; voice modulation Paranasal sinuses
Conveys air from larynx to bronchial tree Trachea
Conveys air from nasal cavity to larynx Pharynx
question
The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the
answer
atmospheric pressure.
question
The Po2 of alveolar air is __________ mmHg. The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg, and the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg.
answer
104; 40; 104
question
Where is the ventral respiratory group located?
answer
In the medulla oblongata in the brain
question
Which of these laryngeal cartilages is unpaired?
answer
Cricoid
question
What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?
answer
Peripheral chemoreceptors
question
Name the bony processes that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, serving to stir up the air as it is inhaled.
answer
Conchae
question
"I'm going to hold my breath until I die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was physically unable to carry out her threat because
answer
increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors.
question
What layers make up the respiratory membrane?
answer
alveolar wall, capillary wall, and basement membranes of each
question
The vocal cords are in the
answer
larynx
question
The respiratory areas are in the medulla oblongata and the __________ of the brainstem.
answer
pons
question
What is chloride shift?
answer
An exchange that maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma
question
This epithelium, located in the respiratory tract, is equipped with __________ on its free surface.
answer
cilia
question
Complete each statement describing the degree of O2 saturation of the blood as it circulates through the lungs and the body. Then place each sentence in the order of blood flow, starting with blood at the alveoli. Assume normal, non-diseased, sea-level conditions.
answer
Blood arriving in the pulmonary capillaries is exposed to an alveolar PO? of 104 mmHg, higher than that of the blood. The pressure gradient causes oxygen to diffuse into the blood.
Blood in the pulmonary veins is close to 100% saturated with oxygen.
As red blood cells pass through the systemic capillaries, oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is picked up.
After passing through the systemic capillaries, blood is about 75% saturated with oxygen. The blood is now said to be "oxygen-poor".
Returning to the inferior vena cava, the right side of the heart, and the pulmonary arteries, the PO? in the blood is 40 mmHg. It will once again return to the lungs to be oxygenated.
question
The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes.
answer
False
question
When carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound __________ forms.
answer
carbaminohemoglobin
question
As the respiratory tube branches become smaller in diameter,
answer
the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.
question
Gas exchange occurs across alveolar pores.
answer
False
question
The forces responsible for normal quiet expiration comes from the contraction of muscles in the lungs.
answer
False
question
One day, Julien is stung by a bee while he is outside and experiences anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction). His throat swells shut and he begins to suffocate. Luckily, a doctor finds Julien, recognizes that he cannot breathe, and decides to perform an emergency surgery that will allow him to breathe even though his throat is closed. The doctor performs a __________.
answer
tracheostomy
question
The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is __________ of normal.
answer
50%
question
Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to
answer
increase the rate and depth of breathing.
question
Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because
answer
their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria.
question
The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause
answer
vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels.
question
Under normal resting conditions, as blood circulates through the systemic circulation, it gives up __________% of the oxygen it is carrying.
answer
25Correct
question
The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called
answer
bronchoscopy.
question
The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes.
answer
False
question
Which of the following has an effect on the pH of blood?
answer
Carbon dioxide
question
Complete the sentences describing urine formation.
answer
Urine formation begins with the process of filtration, in which substances are forced out of capillaries called glomerulus and into the nephron at the glomerular capsule. This fluid, called filtrate, has the same composition as blood plasma, except for larger molecules, such as proteins, which cannot
fit through the glomerular pores.
As the fluid flows through the renal tubules, useful substances are removed and sent back to the blood. This is called tubular reabsorption, and largely takes place in the proximal tubules. Unwanted substances are moved from the blood of peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule in a process called tubular secretion.
Tubular fluid leaves the nephron and flows into the collecting duct. If the body needs to conserve water, the blood levels of the hormone ADH will increase causing more water to be reabsorbed. The remaining filtrate is now called urine.
question
During a kidney transplant procedure, the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipient's
answer
iliac artery and vein.
question
Up to __________ of urea is filtered and recycled.
answer
80%
question
A fetus develops without macula densa in its nephrons. Which of the following will occur as a result?
answer
The ability to detect sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the nephron loop and secrete renin in response will be lost.
question
The major regions of the kidney are the outer region, called the __________, and the inner region, called the __________.
answer
cortex; medulla
question
As a person ages, the release of renin __________, hampering the control of __________.
answer
decreases; blood pressure
question
As a consequence of widespread edema associated with nephrotic syndrome, blood volume
answer
decreases and blood pressure drops.
question
Label the kidneys and surrounding structures in this transverse section of the abdomen.
answer
screen shot
question
Define incontinence.
answer
Uncontrolled leakage of urine
question
Complete the following sentences describing the relationship between the urinary system and other organs systems.
answer
Metabolism requires nutrients from the diet to be processed, which is done by the digestive system.
The process requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, which are exchanged with the atmosphere through the respiratory system. But carbon dioxide is not the only waste product of these chemical processes.
The body relies on the urinary system to remove the metabolic waste. This system will also keep the internal environment constant, which is known as homeostasis.
question
A renal clearance test determines the rate at which the kidneys can
answer
remove a particular substance from the blood.
question
The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including
answer
the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.
question
The first capillary bed associated with the nephron
answer
filters blood.
question
Reabsorption occurs when __________.
answer
filtrate passes from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries
question
As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure
answer
drops and filtration decreases.
question
Inulin and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) can be used to determine glomerular filtration rate and the rate of blood flow through the kidneys, respectively.
answer
True
question
If a ureter is obstructed, a __________ reflex reduces urine production in the kidney on the affected side.
answer
sympathetic
question
Kidney shrinkage with age is due to
answer
loss of glomeruli.
question
An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is
answer
microscopic projections called microvilli.
question
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat
answer
kidney stones.
question
A renal corpuscle includes the
answer
glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
question
Name the renal process that occurs at the renal corpuscle.
answer
Filtration
question
Complete the following sentences and then place them in order to describe blood flow into, through, and out of the kidney.
answer
Blood first enters the kidney through the renal artery, which is a branch of the aorta.
This major artery gives off several branches that repeatedly divide until the final branch, afferent arteriole, which leads into the nehpron.
This arteriole leads into a capillary bed called the glomerulus, the site of filtration.
Blood leaves the capillary bed through the efferent arteriole, which leads into another capillary bed called the peritubular capillaries.
After the capillary bed, the veins merge into large vessels that lead into the one renal vein leaving the kidney, which drains into the inferior vena cava.
question
Water and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n) __________ in tubular fluid volume that is __________ to plasma.
answer
decrease; isotonic
question
Hemodialysis involves
answer
an artificial kidney.
question
What composes a nephron?
answer
A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
question
The story of Balkan endemic nephropathy indicated that
answer
a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause cancer in the urinary tract.
question
Complete the following sentences describing tubular secretion.
answer
During tubular secretion, substances move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule.
As a result, the amount of the secreted substance in the urine could be higher than the amount filtered.
An important ion that is secreted is H+, as this allows for the kidneys to regulate the pH of body fluids.
Other substances that are secreted include drugs like penicillin and a nucleic acid metabolism byproduct, uric acid.
question
Micturition is another term for __________.
answer
the elimination of urine
question
Aldosterone acts on the __________.
answer
distal tubule
question
What hormone is secreted by the kidneys?
answer
Erythropoietin
question
The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the
answer
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
question
Sympathetic nerve impulses usually cause proportional degrees of vasodilation in the afferent and efferent arterioles.
answer
False
question
The glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is isotonic to the plasma of the peritubular capillary.
answer
True
question
When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are
answer
reabsorbed by passive transport.
question
An antibiotic is circulating through the blood when it passes through the kidneys. Only a miniscule amount of it passes through the glomerular capillary and enters the glomerular filtrate, but when its presence in the urine is measured, it has been almost completely excreted! How is this possible?
answer
The antibiotic is actively transported into the proximal tubule during tubular secretion.
question
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?
Uric acid results from the metabolism of __________.
answer
nucleic acids
question
Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has
answer
gout.
question
Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by
answer
both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.
question
Complete the sentences describing the urinary bladder. Then arrange the sentences in order from superficial to deep, with the deep layer closest to the lumen of the bladder. Start with the general description sentence.
answer
The urinary bladder is a hollow organ that functions to store urine.
The parietal peritoneum forms the serous coat on the outer surface of the bladder.
The detrusor muscle is part of the muscular coat layer of the bladder. This tissue contracts to help expel urine from the bladder.
The submucous coat of the urinary bladder is a layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves.
The transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder lines the lumen and prevents urine from diffusing from the lumen. The epithelium is part of the mucous coat.
question
Glomerular filtration produces about __________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.
answer
180
question
Secretion occurs when __________.
answer
filtrate passes from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules
question
Complete each statement describing the structure of a nephron. Then place the sentences in the order of structures through which tubular fluid will flow.
answer
The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary bed called the glomerulus and a capsule of epithelial cells.
1
The hydrostatic pressure of blood forces water and solutes out of the blood and into the capsule.
2
Glomerular filtrate collects in the capsular space before entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the proximal tubule.
3
After flowing through the proximal tubule, fluid enters the nephron loop which extends toward the renal papilla.
4
Fluid in the distal tubule would flow into a collecting duct.
question
The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including
answer
the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.
question
A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is
answer
urea.
question
Blood plasma is filtered in the __________.
answer
renal corpuscle
question
A fetus develops without macula densa in its nephrons. Which of the following will occur as a result?
answer
The ability to detect sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the nephron loop and secrete renin in response will be lost.
question
The kidneys function to remove waste molecules from the blood. These include urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
answer
Urea is a byproduct of the metabolism of amino acids Correct.
Uric acid is a byproduct of the metabolism of nucleic acids Correct.
Creatinine is a byproduct of the metabolism of creatine
question
Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because
answer
the female urethra is shorter than the male's.
question
Water and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n) __________ in tubular fluid volume that is __________ to plasma.
answer
decrease; isotonic
question
Athletes might abuse which of the following chemicals made in the urinary system to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production?
answer
Erythropoietin (EPO)
question
Autoregulation refers to
answer
maintaining constant GFR.
question
List the urine-producing structures in the correct order.
You are dissecting a kidney in class and, after cutting a sagittal section through the kidney, decide to remove some of the lighter-colored inner structures near the superior end of the ureter. You remove a funnel-shaped sac that connects directly into the ureter, along with many tubes that converge to form the funnel-shaped sac. Which structures have you removed?
answer
The renal pelvis and the calyces
question
Micturition is another term for __________.
answer
the elimination of urine
question
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
answer
Synthesis of plasma proteins
question
120 to 125 milliliters per minute of fluid enters the nephrons of both kidneys. What is this rate called?
answer
Glomerular filtration rate
question
When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold,
answer
glucose appears in the urine.
question
The urinary bladder is superior to the parietal peritoneum.
answer
False
question
Describe the composition of glomerular filtrate.
answer
Like plasma, but lacking larger protein molecules
question
The relative concentration of potassium is
answer
higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate
question
A __________ is a tubular organ that transports urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder.
answer
ureter
question
Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending limb of the nephron loop. What would be the result of giving lasix?
answer
Increased urine output
question
What would be the likely outcome if tubular reabsorption in the nephron did not occur?
answer
Excessive loss of fluids and, eventually, death
question
Complete the sentences describing regions of the kidney. Then place the sentences in order describing regions from superficial to deep.
answer
The renal cortex is the layer that contains the capillary beds that function to filter the blood, called glomeruli. Most renal tubules are located in this layer.
The renal medulla is the layer that contains the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop that function in water and sodium reabsorption.
The renal sinus is the hollow portion of the kidney, filled with vessels, the renal calyces, and the renal pelvis.
question
Complete the sentences describing the effects of aging on the kidneys.
answer
Due to blood vessel changes, the kidney decreases in size. Blood flowing through the kidneys gradually decreases by about 1% per year due to the arterioles becoming irregular and the loss of glomeruli.
By age 40, 5% of the glomeruli are not functioning and by age 90, 37% are abnormal. The nephron also become thicker, shorter, and more irregular in structure. As a result, there is a loss in secretion and reabsorption ability.
The ability to retain water decreases, resulting in an increase risk for dehydration. Due to the thickening of the nephron walls and loss of nephrons, the ability to eliminate waste and toxins from the blood decreases.
Renin secretion decreases, which hampers the control of blood pressure. This may also affect sodium and potassium ion concentration in the blood.
question
Most hydrogen ions are secreted
answer
actively into the entire renal tubule.
question
The relative concentration of potassium is
answer
higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.
question
Stimulation by __________ motor impulses causes the detrusor muscle to contract rhythmically.
answer
parasympatheticCorrect
question
A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is
answer
urea.
question
During development, the embryo is injected with anti-VEGF (which negates VEGF functions). Which of the following effects will occur?
answer
The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule will not be formed, as the squamous epithelium won't be attracted to VEGF.
question
What causes a greater amount of filtration to occur at glomeruli than at other capillary beds of the body?
answer
Glomeruli have a higher hydrostatic pressure.
question
Complete the sentences describing the male urethra. Then arrange the sentences in order, following the flow of urine through the urethra.
answer
The prostatic urethra is a short segment that passes through a reproductive organ. It receives secretions from two ejaculatory ducts.
The membranous urethra passes through the pelvic floor.
The penile urethra is the longest part of the male urethra.
Urine exits the urethra via the external urethral orifice.
question
What percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine?
answer
1%
question
What tube-like structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?
answer
Ureter
question
What determines the composition of urine?
answer
The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.
question
The kidneys are located retroperitoneally. This means they are __________ the peritoneum.
answer
behind
question
Complete each statement describing the structure of a nephron. Then place the sentences in the order of structures through which tubular fluid will flow.
answer
The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary bed called the glomerulus and a capsule of epithelial cells.
1
The hydrostatic pressure of blood forces water and solutes out of the blood and into the capsule.
2
Glomerular filtrate collects in the capsular space before entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the proximal tubule.
3
After flowing through the proximal tubule, fluid enters the nephron loop which extends toward the renal papilla.
4
Fluid in the distal tubule would flow into a collecting duct.
question
You are doing a dissection in class. You need to cut open a kidney, but first you must remove a tough, fibrous membrane covering it. What is this structure?
answer
The tunic fibrosa
question
The organs of the urinary system are
answer
paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.
question
Many hydrogen ions are secreted between the plasma in the peritubular capillaries and the filtrate in the nephron loop.
answer
False
question
Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the
answer
brainstem and cerebral cortex.
question
The glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is isotonic to the plasma of the peritubular capillary.
answer
True
question
The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the
answer
proximal convoluted tubule.
question
Indicate the tonicity of the tubular fluid at various stages along the nephron.
answer
iso
hyper
hypo
question
The efferent arteriole is stimulated to vasoconstrict. What effect will this have on glomerular filtration?
answer
Glomerular filtration will be encouraged.
question
Indicate whether each of the following labels relates to the nephron loop or the vasa recta of the countercurrent mechanism.
answer
Nephron loop
countercurrent multiplier
permeable only to water on the descending limb
active transport of sodium out of the ascending limb
increase the osmotic gradient of the kidney medulla.
--------------------------------------
Vasa recta
functions to provide oxygen to the kidney cells
functions to provide nutrients to the kidney cells
freely permeable to water and Na+ through the structure
provides blood supply without altering the osmotic gradient of the renal manual
question
Name the blood vessel that delivers blood to each glomerulus.
answer
Afferent arteriole
question
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by __________.
answer
renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting both the afferent and efferent arterioles
question
Consider a blood-borne molecule that is filtered from the blood and excreted in the urine. Place the following structures, associated with urine formation and excretion, in correct order, following the molecule on its path from the blood to excretion in the urine.
answer
Renal artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Renal tubules
Collecting duct
Minor and major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
question
Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.
answer
aquaporins
question
Liam is a bodybuilder and frequently consumes protein powder as part of his fitness regimen. Lenny is on the Zone diet and carefully watches how much protein he eats, making sure to limit his intake. Which person will have more urea in their urine?
answer
liam
question
Michael is 26 years old. He becomes dehydrated after a long run if he has not drunk enough. His infant son Sean, however, becomes dehydrated fairly frequently. This difference in susceptibility to dehydration is because
answer
infant kidneys are less able to conserve water.
question
A renal corpuscle is a __________, whereas a renal tubule is a __________.
answer
cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule
question
An increase in sodium reabsorption increases water reabsorption by actively transporting water into the blood.
answer
False
question
Hydrogen ions are __________ all along the length of the renal tubule.
answer
secreted
question
Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine?
answer
Creatinine
question
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells and the cells of the __________.
answer
macula densa
question
Peristaltic waves force urine along the length of the ureter.
answer
True
question
A nephron consists of
answer
a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
question
An arterial blood pH below 7.35 is called __________.
answer
acidosis
question
A strong acid is one that __________ and an example is __________.
answer
ionizes more completely; HCl
question
A nurse is administering a high-concentration potassium solution to a patient with a diet-based potassium deficiency. Unaware of the initial treatment, another nurse administers a drug that inhibits secretion of aldosterone to treat the same deficiency. Which of the following conditions will most likely occur as a result?
answer
Hyperkalemia
Correct
question
Maxwell has just finished a brutal 10 kilometer run. His body has
answer
an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.
question
Identify how each situation/condition is associated with ADH, placing each label in the correct location.
answer
Stimulates Release of ADH
-increased blood osmolarity
Result of ADH Release
-reduces urine volume
-increases water resorption in the kidneys
-drinking water
Inhibits Release of ADH
-hyperhydration
Result of ADH Inhibition
-reduction in thirst
-decreases water reabsorption in the kidneys
-decreases total body water
-increases urine volume
question
Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to
answer
metabolic acidosis.
question
Baby Britney develops a respiratory infection in both lungs. The infection causes an accumulation of fluid in her alveoli. Which of the following conditions will occur as a result?
answer
Respiratory acidosis
question
Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.
answer
True
question
Normally, fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport.
answer
False
question
Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to
answer
metabolic acidosis.
question
Respiratory alkalosis can be
answer
compensated for by a increased secretion of bases by the kidneys.
question
Water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent because
answer
electrolytes are dissolved in water.
question
In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide and water to __________, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and __________.
answer
carbonic acid; bicarbonate ion
question
What is water of metabolism?
answer
A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients
question
A person is experiencing severe heartburn. To compensate for their pain, they take 9 sodium bicarbonate-based antacids, which is more than triple the recommended dosage. Which of the following is NOT a way the body can compensate to react to the pH-related condition this overdose will produce?
answer
The respiratory centers will cause an increased breathing rate and depth to release CO2.
question
One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?
answer
The bicarbonate of sodium bicarbonate binds to hydrogen atoms in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH while neutralizing acid.
question
Addison disease is characterized by
answer
aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium.
question
Addison disease is characterized by
answer
aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium.
question
Dehydration can be caused by
answer
prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea.
question
A person usually drinks about __________ milliliters a day.
answer
1,500
question
A researcher wants to study the different electrolytes released by the human body. Which of the following sources should they use to gather the largest quantities of electrolyte output?
answer
Urine
Correct
question
Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules.
answer
False
question
Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by
answer
prolonged vomiting of only stomach contents.
question
The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by __________ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by __________.
answer
an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water
question
Sam has had two large bottles of water to drink today, about 1,500mL of water in total. He is concerned that he hasn't consumed the recommended average amount of water intake for the day. He should reach the daily average as long as he
answer
eats food containing at least 750mL of water.
question
Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because
answer
they are fast.
question
What pH number indicates an acidic solution?
answer
Less than 7.0
question
The hormone aldosterone promotes the
answer
reabsorption of sodium ions.
question
What is the primary route of water loss from the body?
answer
Urine output
question
Synovial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid are classified as being in which fluid compartments?
answer
Extracellular and transcellular fluid compartments
question
A blood pH of 7.2 inhibits the respiratory center in the brainstem and decreases CO2 level.
answer
False
question
The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine.
answer
True
question
Electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions are called
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions are called
answer
bases
acids
question
What is edema?
answer
Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
question
You never feel thirsty even though your body frequently becomes dehydrated. Your doctor suspects that the problem might be an imbalance or abnormality in your brain. The doctor will want to do neuroimaging of your
answer
hypothalamus.
question
Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to
answer
metabolic acidosis.
question
Which buffer system is important in both the extracellular and intracellular fluids?
answer
Bicarbonate buffer system
question
What is the definition of the term ventilation?
answer
movement of air in and out of the lungs
question
What is the definition of the term ventilation?
answer
movement of air in and out of the lungs
question
Label the structures located in the head and neck.
answer
screenshot
question
As a 20-year-old, Karl had his GFR measured by a urologist and found that it was 125 mL/minute. Now as Karl approaches 75 years old, he can expect that number to be cut
answer
in half or more.
question
If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure.
Glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg
Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
answer
50 mmHg
question
Select the sequence that indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end.
answer
Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
question
What is a function of the kidneys?
answer
Excretion of metabolic wastes
question
Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes in the
answer
cerebrospinal fluid.
question
The movement of water between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by
answer
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
question
When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are
answer
secreted.
question
What are electrolytes?
answer
Substances/molecules that release ions in water
question
The total solute concentration of a body fluid is called its __________.
answer
osmolarity
question
The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is
answer
2;1
question
Complete the flowchart showing the development of a type of acid-base imbalance.
answer
Obstruction of air passages
Decreased rate and depth of breathing
Reduced gas exchange
VVV
accumulation of CO2
VVV
Respiratory acidosis
question
Lara had a gastric band placed around her stomach, which makes it smaller and able to hold less. How will this affect her thirst?
answer
Less water intake is needed to satisfy her thirst.
question
The hormone ADH causes a(n) __________ in the permeability to water of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys.
answer
increase
question
What is the name of the fluid found in tissue spaces?
answer
Interstitial fluid
question
The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubules and __________ ducts.
answer
collecting
question
Water obtained as a by-product of the oxidation of various nutrients is called water of __________.
answer
metabolism
question
Some diuretics promote urine production by __________ ADH release.
answer
inhibiting
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