Chapter 10

B Ventilation is another term for breathing that includes both inspiration and expiration.

A The respiratory system is responsible for oxygen entering the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body.

Upper respiratory tract structures include the nasal cavity, pharynx, glottis, and larynx. Lower respiratory tract structures include the trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and diaphragm.

A Inspiration and expiration utilize the same pathway, just in opposite directions.

The rhythm of ventilation is controlled by a respiratory control center located in the medulla oblongata of the brain. The respiratory control center automatically sends out a nerve signal to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles of the rib cage. This causes inspiration to occur. When the respiratory center stops sending nerve signals to the diaphragm and the rib cage, the muscles relax and expiration occurs.

A All of the structures play a role in the inspiration process.

F The role of the respiratory system is to ensure that carbon dioxide leaves the body and oxygen enters the body.

T Both inhalation and inspiration are terms to describe breathing in.

C The esophagus is part of the digestive system.

A The air will initially enter the nose, then proceed to the nasal cavity, to the pharynx, to the trachea, to the bronchioles, and to the lungs. The esophagus is part of the digestive system, not the respiratory system.

A The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that functions in ventilation.

A The larynx houses the vocal cords which produce sound when air moves through them. The nose does not produce sound. The pharynx is the passage way that connects the nasal and oral cavities. The glottis is the slit between the vocal cords that allows the air to leave. The esophagus is part of the digestive system.

D The lungs contain alveoli which carry out gas exchange.

A The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchiole tree. The glottis is the opening in the larynx. The lungs receive the air from the trachea. The alveoli are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. The esophagus is part of the digestive system.

T In the respiratory system, air comes in and out of the nasal cavity. In the digestive system, food goes in the mouth and waste comes out the anus.

F During respiration, the lungs follow the movement of the lungs. If the thorax moves upwards the lungs will also move upwards.

A The bronchi are part of the lower respiratory tract.

B The oropharynx is where the oral cavity opens.

F The larynx, or voice box, contains the vocal cords.

B One of the functions of the nasal cavity is to filter the air and trap small particles so they don't enter the air passages.

T The tonsils form a protective ring at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx.

F The glottis is the slit between the vocal cords.

A The greater the tension, as when the glottis becomes narrower, the higher the pitch. The volume of the sound is dependent on the amplitude of the vibrations.

F Sound is produced when air is expelled from the lungs.

E The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract.

A The lungs contain the alveoli where gas exchange occurs between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system.

B The goblet cells line the trachea and produce mucus within the lower respiratory tract.

T The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes, allowing room for the heart.

T The upper bronchial tree and the trachea are both held open by cartilaginous rings.

A Each lung is enclosed by a serous membrane called a pleura (pl., pleurae).

E The surfactant that prevents the alveoli from closing is missing in infant respiratory distress syndrome.

F The total cross sectional area of the alveoli is about the size of a tennis court.

A Oxygen flows from the air in the alveoli into the bloodstream.

A During inspiration, the pressure in the lungs decreases.

F Expiration is the passive part of ventilation when the muscles relax.

T The creation of a partial vacuum in the alveoli causes air to enter the lungs.

A Even though the creation of the negative pressure is active, the air flows in because there is a continuous column of air from the pharynx to the alveoli.

B The amount of air that moves in and out with each breath is the tidal volume.

E The tidal volume is 500 ml, whereas the forced inspiration volume adds approximately another 3000 ml to that.

A The inspiratory reserve volume can add an additional 2,900 ml of air to the lungs. The expiratory reserve volume is the additional volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs which is usually 1,400 ml. The residual volume is the amount of air that can't be exhaled from the lungs. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled by a deep breath. Tidal volume is the normal amount of air that moves in and out during a normal breath.

T This air fills the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles which are considered dead air space.

A The expiratory reserve volume is the additional volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs which is usually 1,400 ml. The inspiratory reserve volume can add an additional 2,900 ml of air to the lungs. The residual volume is the amount of air that can't be exhaled from the lungs. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled by a deep breath. Tidal volume is the normal amount of air that moves in and out during a normal breath.

The average volumes are as follows: inspiratory reserve volume 2,900 ml expiratory reserve volume 1,400 ml tidal volume 500 ml residual volume 1,000 ml vital capacity 4,800 ml total lung capacity 5,800 ml

C The vital capacity is equal to the maximum amount that can be moved in plus the maximum amount that can be moved out during a single breath.

F You can increase expiration by contracting the abdominal and thoracic muscles.

A The respiratory control center is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain.

NO No. You can hold your breath until you pass out, and then your brain will take over respirations.

D The respiratory center communicates with the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve.

A The respiratory center increases both the rate and depth of breathing to remove more carbon dioxide from the blood.

F Chemoreceptors for blood pH are located in the brain stem, in the carotid arteries, and in the aorta.

A Carotid bodies and aortic bodies are chemoreceptors that are sensitive to blood pH.

A Both involve an exchange of gases. In external respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs and oxygen into the blood, and in internal respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood and oxygen into the tissue.

F You are increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and therefore restoring a normal blood pH.

B Carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions.

B This pushes the reaction to the left and increases the pH of the blood.

A In the lungs, the reaction goes to the right and releases carbon dioxide into the lungs.

B Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the breakdown of carbonic acid to water and carbon dioxide.

F Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme involved in respiration, but carbaminohemoglobin is hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide.

D Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. It is included in respiratory infections because it is often a complication seen in children with nasal infections.

A "Strep throat" is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes.

F Hoarseness is a symptom of laryngitis, not sinusitis. Symptoms of sinusitis include postnasal discharge and facial pain.

D Hoarseness is a symptom of laryngitis, not sinusitis. Symptoms of sinusitis include postnasal discharge and facial pain.

E Pneumonia occurs when alveoli fill with pus and fluid making gas exchange difficult.

B Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by a bacterial infection and should be treated with antibiotics.

T Restrictive disorders include pulmonary fibrosis while obstructive disorders include asthma and chronic bronchitis.

F Lung cancer is more prevalent in men.

B There appears to be thickening and callusing of the cells lining the bronchi. This is followed by the loss of cilia, cells with atypical nuclei, and the formation of a tumor. Finally, metastasis occurs.

F If the body tissues are not already cancerous, the lungs may return to normal over time.

D In chronic bronchitis, the airways are inflamed and filled with mucus.