psych 3 quiz

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior is known as A) natural selection. B) evolutionary psychology. C) behavior genetics. D) the Darwinian revolution.

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called A) genes. B) genomes. C) epigenetic molecules. D) sperm.

The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates A) heredity. B) natural selection. C) mutations. D) environmental influences.

Unlike identical twins, fraternal twins are described as A) mutations. B) dizygotic. C) extraverted. D) epigenetic.

Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ similar in neuroticism and ________ similar in extraversion. A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less

The personalities of adopted children A) are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive families. B) are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblings. C) are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents. D) are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the personalities of their biological parents.

The study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change is called A) adaptation. B) epigenetics. C) behavior genetics. D) evolutionary psychology.

Infant rats deprived of their mothers' normal licking had more ________ that block access to the "on" switch for developing the brain's stress hormone receptors. A) hormones B) mutations C) toxins D) epigenetic molecules

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of A) social learning. B) epigenetics. C) behavior genetics. D) natural selection.

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human A) interaction. B) mutations. C) heritability. D) reproductive success.

Distinguishing between very gradual and very abrupt developmental changes over the life span is most central to the major issue of A) prenatal and postnatal development. B) stability and change. C) continuity and stages. D) nature and nurture.

A teratogen is a(n) A) fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division. B) unborn child with one or more physical defects or abnormalities. C) chromosomal abnormality. D) substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child.

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include A) visual impairments. B) brain abnormalities. C) habituation. D) hearing problems.

Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because A) their reflexes are naturally triggered by higher-pitched sounds. B) they rapidly habituate to lower-pitched male voices. C) they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born. D) they form an emotional attachment to their mother during breast feeding.

Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a A) rectangular shape. B) circular shape. C) bull's-eye pattern. D) face-like image.

Maturation refers to A) the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors. B) biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience. C) any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development. D) the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

Compared with environmentally impoverished rats, those rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their A) imprints. B) schemas. C) synapses. D) attachments.

Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that A) the trauma of birth interferes with the early formation of memories. B) most brain cells do not yet exist at the time of birth. C) experiences shortly after birth are a meaningless blur of darkness and light. D) the hippocampus and frontal lobes are immature during early infancy.

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development? A) Konrad Lorenz B) Jean Piaget C) Sigmund Freud D) Erik Erikson

According to Piaget, schemas are A) fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages. B) children's ways of coming to terms with their sexuality. C) people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences. D) problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage.

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________. A) conservation; egocentrism B) imprinting; maturation C) sensorimotor stage; preoperational stage D) assimilation; accommodation

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor B) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational D) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage. A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) sensorimotor D) formal operational

When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage. A) sensorimotor B) formal operational C) concrete operational D) preoperational

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of A) accommodation. B) object permanence. C) conservation. D) egocentrism.

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' emotional states is most characteristic of A) autism. B) temperament. C) infantile amnesia. D) object permanence.

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aid box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed A) a secure attachment. B) egocentrism. C) a theory of mind. D) the concept of conservation.

Three-year-olds were shown a model of a room with a miniature stuffed dog placed behind a miniature couch. By using the model to locate an actual stuffed dog behind a couch in a real room, the children demonstrated their capacity for A) egocentrism. B) symbolic thinking. C) conservation. D) concrete operational reasoning.

According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to A) reason abstractly. B) adhere to social norms. C) distinguish between helpful and harmful behaviors. D) experience object permanence.

During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational

Most people's earliest memories do not predate ________ of age. A) 6 months B) 1 year C) 2 years D) 3 years

Stranger anxiety develops soon after A) the concept of conservation. B) egocentrism. C) a theory of mind. D) the concept of object permanence.

The term critical period refers to A) prenatal development. B) the initial 2 hours after a child's birth. C) the preoperational stage. D) a restricted time for learning.

Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) conservation. B) attachment. C) egocentrism. D) authoritarian parenting.

Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will A) hold fast to their mothers on their return. B) explore the new surroundings confidently. C) be indifferent toward their mothers on their return. D) display little emotion at any time.

The Harlows' studies of attachment in monkeys showed that A) provision of nourishment was the single most important factor motivating attachment. B) a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response. C) whether a cloth or wire mother was present mattered less than the presence or absence of other infants. D) attachment in monkeys is based on imprinting.

Which of the following was not found by the Harlows in socially deprived monkeys? A) They had difficulty mating. B) They showed extreme fear or aggression when first seeing other monkeys. C) They showed abnormal physical development. D) The females were abusive mothers.

The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is A) Piaget. B) Harlow. C) Vygotsky. D) Erikson

If warmly supportive parents are especially likely to have children with high self-esteem, this would most clearly indicate that A) authoritative parenting is more effective than authoritarian parenting. B) permissive parenting is more effective than authoritative parenting. C) children's self-esteem stimulates warmly supportive parenting. D) warmly supportive parenting and children's self-esteem are correlated.