Psychology Chapters 9 and 11

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. a. cognitive b. learning c. physical d. psychosocial

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? a. What do people think about development? b. What is biological about development? c. What is normal development? d. Who decided what constituted normal development?

3. Specific normative events are also called ________. a. age-related standards b. averages c. benchmarks d. developmental milestones

4. The continuous development approach views development as a ________. a. biological imperative b. cumulative process c. series of accidents d. unique progress

5. ________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a. artistic b. cognitive c. emotional d. psychosocial

6. Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. continuous b. discontinuous c. progressive d. regressive

7. Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes? a. achievement gap b. Bell curve c. attrition d. racism

8. Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? a. Erik Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Sigmund Freud

9. Ego identity is our ________. a. early personality b. nature c. primary character d. sense of self

10. ________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. a. mental b. physical c. psychological d. psychosocial

11. Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a. Abraham Maslow b. Erik Erikson c. Jean Piaget d. Lawrence Kohlberg

12. ________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a. categories b. cognitions c. facsimiles d. schemata

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. a. embryo b. placenta c. protean d. zygote

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. postformal d. sensorimotor

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? a. Erik Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Sigmund Freud

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known? a. assimilation b. conservation c. egocentrism d. reversibility

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. a. contaminant b. mutagen c. teratogen d. zygote

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects. a. biological b. cognitive c. manipulative d. motor

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. a. attachment b. nourishment c. regard d. security

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan. a. case study b. experiment c. naturalistic observation d. secondary analysis

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________. a. cognitive developments b. developmental milestones c. naturalistic observations d. psychosexual stages

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. a. case studies b. experiments c. naturalistic observation d. surveys

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. a. culturally specific b. dramatic c. related to language acquisition d. universal

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. a. assessments b. case studies c. naturalistic observations d. surveys

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a. cognitive capacity b. environment and culture c. genes and biology d. language acquisition

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. a. during early childhood b. during puberty c. in late adolescence d. in utero

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a. biology b. environment and culture c. genetics d. sexual preference

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________. a. experiments b. FASD c. schemata d. teratogens

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. a. fine b. gross c. hand d. manipulative

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. identity vs. confusion c. industry vs. inferiority d. trust vs. mistrust

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. a. accommodation b. acquisition c. assimilation d. attainment

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. identity vs. guilt c. initiative vs. guilt d. integrity vs. despair

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. exclusion d. inclusion

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. a. fine b. gross c. moving d. physical

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. industry vs. inferiority c. initiative vs. guilt d. trust vs. mistrust

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. integrity vs. despair c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/guilt b. industry vs. inferiority c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. generativity vs. stagnation c. initiative vs. guilt d. intimacy vs. isolation

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. identity vs. confusion c. isolation vs. intimacy d. trust vs. mistrust

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. reversibility d. stranger anxiety

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/guilt b. identity vs. confusion c. industry vs. inferiority d. trust vs. mistrust

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? a. conservation b. egocentrism c. pretend play d. stranger anxiety

Which of the following illustrates conservation? a. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. b. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. c. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. d. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Carshis mother does to. What does this exemplify? a. conservation b. egocentrism c. pretend play d. reversibility

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify? a. abstract thinking b. abstraction c. preoperational stage d. reversibility

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? a. conventional b. formal operational c. post-conventional d. pre-conventional

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? a. conventional b. formal operational c. post-conventional d. pre-conventional

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________. a. egocentrism b. Moro reflex c. preoperational stage d. stranger anxiety

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy? a. two b. three c. four d. five

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. Freudian d. permissive

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________. a. childhood wordlist b. lexicon race c. thesaurus acquisition d. vocabulary spurt

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature. a. The name "Erik Erikson" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud." b. The word "sexual" should be changed to the word "biological." c. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis." d. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage? a. egocentrism b. fine motor skills development c. pretend play d. stranger anxiety

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________. a. a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt b. hidden objects are still there c. others have false beliefs d. what goes up must come down

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? a. egocentrism b. language development c. object permanence d. pretend play

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores. a. The acronym "FASD" should be changed to the word "teratogens." b. The phrase "higher rates of ADHD" should be removed. c. The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average." d. The word "learning" should be changed to the word "socioemotional."

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? a. conservation b. moral reasoning c. pretend play d. stranger anxiety

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? a. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions. b. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. c. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. d. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage? a. conservation b. language acquisition c. object permanence d. stranger anxiety

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. a. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis." b. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal." c. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus." d. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? a. Children begin to use language. b. Children employ memory strategies. c. Children have a firm grasp of numbers. d. Children think logically about real events.

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________. a. abused b. born addicted to cocaine c. diagnosed with ADHD d. separated from their parents

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. disorganized d. permissive

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. a. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy b. creative, moody, and flexible c. disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy d. quiet, shy, humble

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true? a. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. b. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting. c. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. d. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Early maturing girls are ________. a. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders b. less likely to drop out of high school c. more confident d. more likely to go to college