Chapter 15 Practice

During puberty, adolescents' thoughts center on _____. a. society b. themselves c. friends d. family

During puberty, young people center on themselves, in part because brain maturation heightens _____. a. self-esteem b. self-consciousness c. self-identity d. self-concept

Thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think of them is called _____. a. hypotheticalism b. deductive thinking c. egocentrism d. inductive thinking

Adolescent egocentrism begins _____, and may increase again at the start of college. a. at puberty b. in late adolescence c. in middle childhood d. in preschool

Ron thinks he is more unique and admired than other adolescents his age, and is certain that everyone is paying attention to his every action. It appears that he has started to experience adolescent _____. a. modesty b. logic c. moral reasoning d. egocentrism

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____. a. post-operational thought b. moral reasoning c. personal fable d. invincibility fable

The belief that unless one's number is up, one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as _____. a. the personal fable b. the imaginary audience c. the invincibility fable d. deductive reasoning

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating _____. a. deductive reasoning b. the personal fable c. self-awareness d. the invincibility fable

The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in _____. a. an adolescent who sings, thinking that the neighbors must be listening b. a 17-year-old boy who drives cautiously c. an 18-year-old girl who insists that her boyfriend use a condom d. young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat

The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents' _____. a. constant posing and posturing before mirrors b. belief that others are spying on them c. ability to understand how others perceive them d. belief that everyone is watching their behavior and appearance

Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating _____. a. an implicit judgment b. the invincibility fable c. a volatile mismatch d. the imaginary audience

When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n) _____. a. personal identity b. abstract audience c. personal fable d. imaginary audience

A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of _____. a. adolescent egocentrism b. clothes consciousness c. school phobia d. the personal fable

Avery, who is 14 years old, is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues given by her new teammates. Avery's sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____. a. deductive thinking b. egocentrism c. inductive thinking d. hypothetical thinking

Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence _____. a. metacognition b. invincibility thinking c. concrete operational thinking d. formal operational thought

Juanita just solved this math problem: (35xy2)(6zy3). Her ability to do so places her in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. formal operational b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. concrete operational

When Piaget asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that by age _____ logic is used to understand a reciprocal relationship. a. 7 b. 13 or 14 c. 4 d. 10

Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably _____. a. put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale b. put all the weights on one side of the scale c. understand the inverse relationship between distance and weight d. solve the problem through a trial-and-error strategy

In Piaget's balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of those of the age defined by _____. a. formal operational thought b. logical thought c. unrealistic thought d. concrete operational thought

Piaget's balance experiment, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age _____. a. 14 b. 7 c. 10 d. 4

One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____. a. think in terms of possibilities b. use practical problem-solving skills c. take another person's point of view d. reject adult thoughts and values

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines _____. a. perceptual thought b. hypothetical thought c. inductive reasoning d. deductive reasoning

Hypothetical thought involves____.

"If-then" propositions require _____. a. operational thought b. hypothetical thought c. concrete thought d. postformal thought

Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do," or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine's _____. a. hypothetical thinking b. inductive reasoning c. perceptual thinking d. deductive reasoning

Which term refers to reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics? a. adolescent egocentrism b. hypothetical reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning. a. bottom-up b. concrete c. top-down d. theoretical

All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of _____. a. concrete reasoning b. theoretical reasoning c. deductive reasoning d. formal reasoning

Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of _____. a. deductive reasoning b. adolescent egocentrism c. intuitive thinking d. inductive reasoning

Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions? a. deductive reasoning b. adolescent egocentrism c. inductive reasoning d. hypothetical reasoning

Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning. a. top-down b. concrete c. theoretical d. inductive

Using _____ thinking, a person might think, "If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog." a. reductive b. inductive c. deductive d. preoperational

Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used _____. a. deductive reasoning b. hypothetical reasoning c. adolescent egocentrism d. inductive reasoning

The mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered has already been invested in some endeavor, more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal is called _____. a. base rate neglect b. concrete operational thinking c. hypothetical thinking d. sunk cost fallacy

example of the sunk cost fallacy?

Richie just spent $1,000 fixing his car even though the mechanic told him the car will continue to need expensive repairs that may total more than the vehicle is worth. Richie is likely experiencing the _____. a. base rate neglect b. personal fable c. sunk cost fallacy d. invincibility fable

When a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristic when making a decision, it is called _____. a. sunk cost fallacy b. base rate neglect c. concrete operational thinking d. hypothetical thinking

An adolescent is told that a person riding the bus is reading the New York Times. The adolescent is asked if the person is more likely to have no college degree or if the person is more likely to have a Ph.D. The adolescent responds that the person is more likely to have a Ph.D. The correct answer, however, is that the person is more likely to have no college degree. The adolescent has experienced _____. a. hypothetical thinking b. sunk cost fallacy c. concrete operational thinking d. base rate neglect

What group is likely to experience logic failures in thinking? a. neither adolescents nor adults b. adolescents and adults c. adults only d. adolescents only

The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli, is called _____.

Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a hunch is referred to as _____. a. analytic thought b. concrete reasoning c. deductive reasoning d. intuitive thought

A thought that arises through a "feeling" that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) _____ thought. a. factual b. intuitive c. logical d. experimental

Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another three months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking? a. intuitive b. analytical c. reasoning d. logical

Kristy and her friends come up with several options of things to do on Friday night, and ultimately decide to go to a concert by a popular singer because they like that she writes her own songs and they think her videos are creative. In making this decision Kristy and her friends are using what type of thought? a. deductive reasoning b. analytic thought c. concrete reasoning d. intuitive thought

Formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget is referred to as _____. a. deductive reasoning b. intuitive thought c. analytic thought d. concrete reasoning

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking? a. emotional thought b. concrete operational c. intuitive thought d. analytical thought

Aaron has a busy week of school ahead. He has a report due in history, a paper due in English, a test in biology, a concert for music, and two basketball games. In order to effectively manage all of these activities, Aaron will need to engage what type of thought? a. intuitive thought b. analytic thought c. deductive reasoning d. concrete reasoning

Research found that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with _____.

Adolescents are capable of analytic thought, yet they do not consistently use it. A possible reason for the inconsistent use of analytic thought by adolescents is _____.

Blair has heard repeatedly from her parents about the potential dangers of drinking alcohol, yet at a party she gladly accepts a beer from her classmate, Jackson. Blair thinks that Jackson is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Blair's decision to accept the beer? a. intuitive thought b. inductive reasoning c. analytic thought d. concrete reasoning

Benjamin has heard repeatedly from his parents about the potential dangers of smoking and he agrees with his parents about the potential dangers. At a party Benjamin is offered a cigarette but declines it even though the person who offered the cigarette is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Benjamin's decision to decline the cigarette? a. intuitive thought b. concrete reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. analytic thought

Albert et al. (2013) ran a series of experiments in which adults and adolescents, alone or with peers, played a video game. In the game, taking risks could lead to crashes or gaining points. The experiments found that adolescents, unlike adults, were much more likely to take risks and crash when they were _____.

A longitudinal study (Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2011) that traced the development of sensation-seeking, which can lead to intuitive thinking, from early adolescence to the mid-20s found that increases in sensation-seeking were notable from ages _____.

During adolescence, impulsivity declines and analytic thinking _____.