Sociology Chapter 3 socialization

What are examples of the "hidden curriculum" of American schools? the practice of school prayer the recitation of the pledge of allegiance the courses listed in the curriculum of academic programs both a and b

George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the self relies on the interdependent interaction of two phases of the self, the subjective, spontaneous, unsocialized (blank) phase, and the objective, reactive, socialized (blank) phase. Me, I id, superego ego, superego I, Me

In sociology, George H. Mead contributed most in the study of socialization. His major argument emphasizes that Human social interaction is through symbolic thinking and communication. Reasoning skills are developed through cognitive development. The internal struggle between people's natural drives and social control is the dynamic behind socialization. Ego mediates between innate impulses and the conscience.

Which one of the following is NOT a key element of the theory on behavior learning? All behaviors result from learning. Human behavior can be shaped through reward and punishment. Social structural factors influence the learning process. Instincts play very important roles in human learning. C and D are not behaviorist ideas.

A person's internalized conception of the expectations and attitudes held by society is termed by Mead as: social institution. group conformity. significant others. generalized others.

(Blank) is a process whereby people learn the culture and the way of life of their society, and develop a sense of self, and internalize values and norms. Learning Education Teaching Socialization

The family, religion, school, peers, mass media and workplace are responsible for socialization, they are considered as: agents of socialization. total institution. primary groups. secondary groups.

According to sociologists such as George Mead, people's self- concept is: genetically inherited. is acquired by birth. the outcome of social interaction. developed through the continuous struggle in mind.

In which of the following institutions might one expect resocialization to occur? the military the correctional institution the family the workplace both a and b

George Herbert Mead believed that (blank) which means the ability to anticipate what others expect of us, and to act accordingly, is the most important process of socialization. dramaturgy social perception social attribution role-taking

Working from an interactionist perspective, Cooley used the term (blank) to describe the process whereby individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of self on what is reflected back to them during social interaction. social self looking-glass self situated self self-concept

During which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development do youths begin to effectively take the perspective of others and successively join clubs, sports, and the classroom, but are not able to do abstract thinking. the sensorimotor stage the preoperational stage the concrete operational stage the formal operational stage

When a person first enter a total institution and is greeted with attempts to strip away his current identity and stamp a new one in its place, he is being subjected to (blank). a mortification process group dynamics negative sanction a degradation ceremony

(Blank) developed the cognitive development theory to study the human development of the mind and the self. Sigmond Freud George H. Mead Jean Piaget Charles Cooley

(Blank), the psychologist who believes that the human personality is almost totally determined in early childhood. Sigmond Freud Irving Goffman Jean Piaget Charles Cooley

(Blank) refers to a series of stages such as childhood, adolescence, adulthood and elderly years people go through in their life time. Role-taking Life course Cognitive development Human growth and Development

Jean Piaget's theory of the development of the mind and the self is described through stages of (blank) development. intellectual sympathetic concrete cognitive

While sociology borrows from Freud's three phases of the personality, sociology departs from his basically psychological theory in that Freud believed that the primary force behind personality development was (blank), not society. the mind social interaction the family nurture

The teenage years were first marked out as a special stage in people's life course as a result of: the development of the U.S. Constitution. the Civil War the Industrial Revolution the Baby Boom after World War II.

"Mommy" leaves the room and the child begins to cry, fearing that she no longer exists. In which of Jean Piaget's stages is such a situation most likely to occur? sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage

When children born into a social group are socialized for roles in life that are consistent with that group's position in the larger society, they are experiencing: social manipulation social channeling resocialization social posturing

An approach to understand socialization that integrates theories and research from biology and sociology in an effort to better understand human behavior is referred to as (blank). physiology environment sociobiology nurture

Which of the following statements accurately describes socialization? A small amount of socialization occurs outside of our family. Socialization is a lifelong process. Socialization is the same in every culture. A "sense of self" is forged before socialization begins in earnest.

Learning the ways of society is known as: transformational learning. behavior modification. socialization. child rearing.

Who or what are the agents of socialization that first teach us about our appropriate gender roles? family peer groups the media school

Shania and Enrique are high school students who come from two different families. Shania's parents both went to college, her mother works as a high school teacher, and her father is an accountant. Shania's parents encouraged her to be involved in extracurricular activities and various clubs while going to school. Enrique's parents are both high school graduates, his mother works as a clerk at the local grocery store, and his father works in construction when he is able to find work. Sometimes money is tight in the household. Enrique's parents have asked him to get a job to help out. Enrique has little time to be involved in school activities and his parents don't feel those should be a priority because they take away from time that Enrique could be working and earning money for the family. When looking at both of these families, what can explain the difference in the experiences of Enrique and Shania? Gender plays a significant role in the type of activities in which teenagers are involved. Teens from wealthy families enjoy extracurricular activities more than poorer kids. Some teenagers are more motivated to get outside jobs than others. Social class plays a significant role in what is expected of teenagers.

In the United States, children are taught, starting in kindergarten, what is considered appropriate behavior. They are expected to learn and say the Pledge of Allegiance every morning. When their teacher wants to get their attention, he or she may ring a bell or turn the lights on and off rapidly. At this time, students learn very quickly to stop whatever they are doing and to sit on the floor in front of the teacher. As they progress through school, teachers still have expectations of the behavior they would like to see in their students. What is operating in American schools? an authoritative teaching style a hidden curriculum complacency positive role modeling

Which agent of socialization is MOST focused on teaching cultural knowledge? the government religious institutions the media schools

Who coined the term total institutions? Phillip Aries Erving Goffman Melvin Kohn Karl Mannheim

What perspective examines how age, time, and place shape social identities? the life course functionalism the looking glass self symbolic interactionism

A very remote tribe of people lives in the highlands of Papua, New Guinea. Boys are expected to undergo a blood initiation, which to outsiders would seem quite cruel and inhuman. For example, elders stick long canes into the young initiates' noses and a sharp arrow pierces their tongues a number of times. Members of the tribe believe that these rituals are necessary to expel the contaminated blood received from their mothers when they gave birth to them. Men may not marry or assume adult responsibilities unless they undergo these rituals. What do these rituals represent to these young men? a rite of passage a life-course perspective a total institution agents of socialization

Kids often play dress-up or play school as a form of: resocialization. imitation. role modeling. anticipatory socialization.

How did the Western view of children change in the nineteenth century compared to earlier times in history? Children were able to work in the new factories and earn income for their family. The lines between childhood and adulthood were blurred. Children became an economic liability rather than an economic asset. Children were viewed as in need of discipline and received severe beatings for transgressions

Which of the following contributed to creating the gap between childhood and adulthood? the decrease in immigration industrialization the invention of the computer the aging of the population

Which of the following groups is more likely to experience a shorter period of adolescence? females of all races and ethnicities white males working-class youth middle-class youth

Who argued that a group's shared historical experiences shape its general attitudes and behaviors? Karl Mannheim Phillip Aries Erving Goffman Melvin Kohn

When biology is thought to influence human behavior this is known as: nature. nurture. socialization. culture.

Which position would argue that the gender-based wage gap is a result of the social systems that are in play? social justice natural selection biological determinism social determinism

What was the major finding from the research done in the early 1990s on children living in Romanian orphanages? They developed as well as other children because they received enough nourishment. They developed emotional trauma because they moved from one orphanage to another. They developed emotional trauma because they were often abused by their caregivers. They had physical and cognitive trauma due to receiving little social stimulation.

How does self-reflection emerge? through the reflected self through the looking glass self through social interaction through the generalized other

Which theoretical perspective does Charles Horton Cooley represent? functionalist symbolic interactionism conflict feminist

Which of the following is NOT part of the concept of the looking glass self? our image as others see us others making judgment or assessment of us deciding how we view ourselves experiencing a feeling based on our perceptions of others judgment of us

Susan is an outgoing woman. She is very confident and has a strong sense of self. She works in a busy, competitive office in sales and marketing. Susan has many friends at work because she has learned that she needs to balance her strong, outspoken personality with being tactful and sensitive to others' needs. There are times that one of her co-workers does or says something that hurts Susan's feelings during a department meeting. Rather than reacting and saying something that may be rude, she waits and talks with her co-worker in private after the meeting. Why is Susan choosing to respond this way? She is afraid of being fired. She is operating out of her sense of "me." She is operating out of her sense of "I." She is operating out of her id.

Brian is four years old. He loves to watch cartoons, especially those about superheroes. His dad was also a big fan of watching cartoons when he was a child and has introduced Brian to superheroes. Brian's dad bought him a cape and a sword. He loves to put on his cape when he is watching Superman. He will jump off the couch and pretend that he is saving the world. Which of Mead's stages of social development is Brian involved in? play game generalized other pre-play

Which theorist believes that power shapes our daily life and our sense of self? Charles Horton Cooley Michel Foucault George Herbert Mead Sherry Turkle

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that: humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species. without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action. personality is present in humans at birth. many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? socialization behavior human nature personality

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? behaviorism biological psychology evolutionary psycholog naturalism

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that: nature is far more important than nurture. nurture is far more important than nature. nature and nurture have equal importance. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that: humans have instincts that guide our lives. biological forces underlie human culture. as humans, to nurture is our nature. Darwin's model of biological evolution explains the patterns of human culture.

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind. isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys. prolonged isolation had little effect on infant monkeys.

If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that: social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. the effect of long-term social isolation can never be overcome in any situation.

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives? id ego superego generalized other

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual? id ego superego thanatos

Jean Piaget's focus was on: how children develop their motor skills. how children are stimulated by their environment. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior. cognition, or how people think and understand.

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage

For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols? sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was: cognition. the importance of gender in socialization. moral reasoning. psychoanalysis.

Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that: girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence.

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be: the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image. the presence of culture within the individual. basic drives that are self-centered. present in infants at the time of their birth.

Mead placed the origin of the self on: biological drives. genetics. social experience. the functioning of the brain.

According to Mead, social experience involves: understanding the world in terms of our senses. the exchange of symbols. a mix of biological instinct and learning. acting but not thinking.

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind: imagining a situation in terms of past experience. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. imagining a situation from another person's point of view. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people.

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as: role models. looking-glass models. significant others. the generalized other.

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to: important individuals in the child's life. a person who provides complete care for a child. any "significant other." widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.

Mead would agree that: socialization ends with the development of self in childhood. if you won $100 million in a lottery, your self might change. people are puppets with little control over their lives. human behavior reflects both nature and nurture.

Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization states that: personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages. personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture we come to see ourselves as we think others see us. most of our personality development takes place in childhood.

Family is important to the socialization process because: family members are often what Mead called "generalized others." families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. families begin the process of anticipatory socialization. families set the stage for resocialization.

Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress (blank), while well-to-do parents typically stress (blank). independence; protecting children independence; dependence obedience; creativity creativity; obedience

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that: childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies. poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

The concept "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which: there is a pronounced "youth culture." the richest people have most of the power and prestige. religious leaders have the most power. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? age subculture generation age group cohort

Based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that: life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology. life-course stages are similar throughout the world. while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction. life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.

A setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment is called a(n): anticipatory social center cohort community total institution degradation ceremony

Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that: society shapes how we think, feel, and act. human beings lack spontaneity and creativity. human beings are locked in the prison of society. human beings are unwilling to change society.

V. Matching: 1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego 4. Impression management 5. Preoperational stage 6.. Concrete operational stage 7. Sensorimoter stage 8. Formal operational stage 9. Role-taking 10. I 11. Looking glass self 12.Game stage 13.play stage 14. The situated self 15.Me a. social control b. biological urges c. put own feet in other people's shoes d. balancer between natural drive and social control e. out of sight, out of mind f. learn to use symbols g. possess biological ability to reason like adults. h. learn from significant others i. leave the best impression on others j. derive self image by looking at others' reaction to oneself k. the socialized objective self l. able to organize games by themselves m. interact with generalized others n. the unsocialized subjective self o. self emerge in different conditions

Sociologists agree with Behaviorist scientists that if parents provide good "role model" for children to follow, children will display "good" character later in life. F or T

People who behave out of one's desire is said to be in the postconventional stage of moral development by Kohlberg. False or True

According to sociologists like G. Mead, the self, emotion and human mind are all social products, developed through human social interaction. False or TRue

Relative to the universality schools teach children, family socialization is particularistic depending on family social class status and parents' occupation.

Studies of socialization show that American young people have "free choice" marriage.

Marine Corps boot camp is a classic example of a total institution that combines a degradation ceremony with resocialization.

In Erikson's middle adulthood stage (40-60), the greatest conflict experienced is the choice between spending time with family and establishing one's career.

Piaget linked cognitive development to physical development, unlike Mead, who entirely divorced his stages of development from physiology and biology.

Kohlberg applied a developmental approach to the study of adulthood and identified the "midlife crisis" as an important stage in adult development.

ceremonies that symbolically acknowledge transitions from one life stage to another is referred to as the rites of passage.

Socialization ends with adolescence.

Religion is the socializing agent most explicitly focused on teaching values and beliefs.

As Mary ages and goes from one stage of the life course to another, this is primarily a biological event.

Based on the concept of the looking glass self, a child will feel a sense of pride when praised by his or her parents.

Social interaction produces physical changes in the brain itself.

Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of human behavior are not instinctive, but learned.

The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to permanently damage infant rhesus monkeys.

The tragic case of Anna shows that without adequate nutrition a human being cannot develop a personality or self.

The "id" in Freud's work represents the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.

The "ego" in Freud's model of personality is the same as "conscience."

In Freud's model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego.

While many researchers have studied outward behavior, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning, specifically the meaning people attach to behavior.

Mead's theory of the self is completely social; he did not recognize a role for biology in personality development.

Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place during childhood.

Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization.

Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined similarly in all societies.

The elderly population in nearly all high-income nations has been increasing rapidly.

Gerontology is the study of aging and the elderly.

Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of older people.

Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.