Exam 1 - ANS

Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?

Which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

In the __________ division of the ANS the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the __________ division the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.

What are receptors that bind to ACh referred to as?

A malfunctioning visceral reflex can be the cause of a(n) __________, which can result in disorder and/or disease.

Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from?

Which of the following is/are true statements regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS? Check all that apply. 1.All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic. 2.All postganglionic neurons of the ANS are adrenergic. 3.All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites. 4.Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells. 5.Some parasympathetic neurons use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.

Which of the following is/are functions of the enteric nervous system? Check all that apply. - It regulates the movement of contents through the esophagus. - It regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes. - It innervates smooth muscles of the intestines. - It innervates the sweat glands of the abdominal wall. - It decreases urine production.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding the adrenal glands' relationship with the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply. - The adrenal cortex is an extension of the parasympathetic nervous system. - The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. - The adrenal glands are strictly nerve tissue. - The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. - The adrenal medulla is penetrated by the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.

Which levels of the central nervous system play a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system?

Primitive functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, metabolism, and respiratory airflow are regulated by ____________ .

The ____________ system quietly manages a myriad of unconscious processes responsible for the body's homeostasis.

This function is among the most ____________ of functions for animals to maintain healthy conditions for life.

Many drug therapies are based on the ____________ of autonomic functions.

Also known as the _____ division, the sympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via the spinal nerves from T1-L2.

Action potentials travel along the preganglionic nerve fiber and enter the ______

Fibers exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia, take one of three routes: the spinal nerve route, the sympathetic nerve route, and the ______ nerve route.

Arriving at target cells, ________ nerve fibers release acetylcholine or norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.

The effect of norepinephrine binding to _____ receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.

In autonomic motor pathways, the nerve signal must travel along ____________ neurons to reach a target cell.

The first neuron emerges from the CNS and synapses with a second neuron in a ____________ outside the CNS.

The second neuron's axons extend to the ____________ from the ganglion.

The first neurons are called ____________ , and are myelinated.

The second neurons are called ____________ , and are unmyelinated.

Synaptic preganglionic fibers can follow ____________ different routes after entering the sympathetic chain.

Some will end in the ganglion that they ____________ and synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron.

Some will ____________ the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels.

These fibers link the paravertebral ganglia into a ____________ and serve at the cervical, sacral, and coccygeal levels.

The last route has fibers passing through the chain without synapsing and continuing as ____________ nerves.

Dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from ____________ division(s) of the ANS.

If the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it's called ____________ innervation.

If the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it's called ____________ innervation.

Since the parasympathetic division causes the heart rate to ____________ and the sympathetic division causes the heart rate to ____________ , this is an example of antagonistic innervation.

Also known as the _____ division, the parasympathetic nervous system has fibers exiting the CNS at the medulla oblongata

Action potentials travel down the preganglionic nerve fibers of the _________, towards the effector organs.

These impulses arrive at the cardiac plexus where secretion of acetylcholine creates an action potential in the ________ neuron.

The impulse arrives relatively quickly at the heart, as parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are ______ compared to sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Action potentials arriving at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart cause _____ to be released.

This parasympathetic neurotransmitter causes a _____ in heart rate and contractility.