BIO 201 Exam 4

In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________. -neurons -muscle cells -Schwann cells -oligodendrocytes

Which mechanism allows the rabies virus to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS)? -Rabies virus moves through the blood vessels to the CNS. -The rabies virus uses retrograde movement along the neuronal axon. -The rabies virus uses anterograde along the neuronal axon. -The rabies virus enters the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system and uses salutatory movement to move toward the CNS.

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience many challenging symptoms. Which statement best explains one cause of these difficulties? -Damage to ependymal cells results in stagnation of cerebrospinal fluid, damaging neurons. -A loss of astrocytes causes leaked neurotransmitters and K+ to accumulate, impairing generation of action potentials. -Loss of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system results in absence of the myelin sheath of neuronal axons, impairing rapid saltatory conduction. -An increase in the number of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system results in an overgrowth of the myelin sheath of neuronal axons, resulting in abnormally large action potentials.

People who have hydrocephaly often have an issue with which of these glial cell types? -Oligodendrocytes -Ependymal cells -Astrocytes -Microglia

What division of the nervous system is most specifically responsible for voluntary motor control? -parasympathetic nervous system -somatic nervous system -sympathetic nervous system -central nervous system

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? -Integrate sensory input for decision making. -Release hormones into the bloodstream that travel around the systemic blood circulation to communicate with cells in multiple locations within the body. -Generate direct, electrical signals. -Decode sensory information from the environment.

The term central nervous system refers to the ________. -spinal nerves -somatic nerves -sensory (afferent) nerves -brain and spinal cord

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. -efferent neuron -glial cell -afferent neuron -interneuron

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system? -innervation of glands -innervation of skeletal muscle -innervation of cardiac muscle -innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons? -They are mitotic. -They conduct impulses. -They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. -They have extreme longevity.

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? -senses changes in the environment -analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions -responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve, sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? -sensory (afferent) division -somatic nervous system -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division

As you start working out, you notice that your heart rate and breathing rate start to increase. Which division of your nervous system is generating this response? Be as specific as possible. -the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system -the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system -the afferent division of the nervous system -the somatic nervous system

Which glial cells have the most diversity of function? -Schwann cells -oligodendrocytes -ependymal cells -astrocytes

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? -ependymal cells -microglia -astrocytes -oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells line many open cavities in the central nervous system (CNS). Ependymal cells have cilia on the side of the cell that face these openings. What is the most likely function of these ciliated cells? -movement and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid -exchange of nutrients between the circulatory system and neurons -create myelin sheaths for CNS cells -act as macrophage cells to destroy microorganisms or neuronal debris

Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? -oligodendrocytes -satellite cells -Schwann cells -astrocytes

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this? -astrocytes -satellite cells -oligodendrocytes -Schwann cells

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? -satellite cells -Schwann cells -microglia -oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. -ependymal cells -microglia -oligodendrocytes -astrocytes

Which of the following pairings does not fit? -sensory neurons: afferent neurons -motor neurons: efferent neurons -multipolar neurons: peripheral nervous system sensory neurons -association neuron: interneurons

Many neurons have many short, branching extensions called dendrites. What is the benefit of these structures for a neuron? -There is a large area for production of chemicals used to signal other neurons. -There is a large amount of space for myelin to form and make electrical conduction more efficient. -There is a large surface area to send signals to other cells. -The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons.

Which of the following is true of axons? -A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length. -Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials. -Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite. -Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons.

Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? -the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron -whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated -the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system -whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS

Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________. -neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments -neurons must meet a high demand for ATP -neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen -neurons produce many proteins

Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites? -produce short-distance signals called graded potentials -generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body -convey incoming messages toward the cell body -provide enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. -motor neurons -found in ganglia -called neuroglial cells -found in the retina of the eye

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. -nerves -tracts -ganglia -nuclei

In the motor division of the PNS, the effector organs consist of the three types of muscle tissue and glands. Which of these effector organs would be under voluntary control and thereby fall into the somatic nervous system? -Skeletal muscle -Smooth muscle -Cardiac muscle -Glands

What is the basic condition when a neuron is described as polarized? -Na+ is found outside of the neuron. -There is a separation of positive and negative charges across a membrane. -Na+ is found outside of the neuron and K+ is found inside of the cell. -There are large, protein anions inside the neuron.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the polarization of a neuronal membrane and the formation of a resting membrane potential? -As sodium leaks into the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more negative. -As Na+ leaks across the membrane, that establishes a negative charge inside the membrane. -Sodium/Potassium pumps maintain concentration gradients; sodium and potassium move down their concentration gradients through leakage channels. -A resting potential can be generated without the energy as an input.

Which of the following does NOT describe conditions that occur during an action potential? -The Na+/K+ pump reestablishes resting concentration gradients. -Na+ enters the cell through voltage-gated channels, causing a reversal of the resting membrane potential. -Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane. -After initial depolarization, K+ now has both an electrical and a chemical gradient drawing it out of the cell.

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________. -positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell -negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell -positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell -negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? -It travels long distances. -It has a depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phase. -It is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane. -It can have amplitudes of various sizes.

Which of the following is NOT true of graded potentials? -They are short-lived. -They can form on receptor endings. -They can be called postsynaptic potentials. -They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

Which of the following events would be directly affected if a neuron had a mutation that prevented the production of voltage-gated Na+ channels? -depolarization leading to action potentials -graded depolarization -graded hyperpolarization -generating the resting membrane potential

What type of event is required for an action potential to be generated? -repolarization to resting membrane potential -multiple stimuli -hyperpolarization -a threshold level depolarization

You discover that a new chemical compound interacts with K+ voltage-dependent channels. What would be the effect on a neuron if the chemical came into contact with the axonal membrane? -The cell would be unable to generate a resting potential. -The cell would die. -The cell would be unable to depolarize. -The neuron would be unable to repolarize.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between graded potentials and action potentials? -The magnitude of action potentials decrease as the impulse travels further away from the start of the impulse while graded potentials do not decrease in magnitude. -Greater stimulus intensity results in larger graded potentials, but not larger action potentials. -Graded potentials can result from the opening of chemically gated channels; action potentials require the opening of voltage-gated channels. -Graded potentials occur along dendrites, whereas action potentials occur along axons.

Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of impulse propagation, or conduction velocity, along an axon? -whether the axon is located in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system -length of the axon -degree of myelination of the axon -the number of axon collaterals extending from a truncated axon

Local anesthetics block voltage-gated Na+ channels, but they do not block mechanically gated ion channels. Sensory receptors for touch (and pressure) respond to physical deformation of the receptors, resulting in the opening of specific mechanically gated ion channels. Why does injection of a local anesthetic into a finger still cause a loss of the sensation of touch from the finger? -The local anesthetic prevents Na+ from causing the initial depolarization of this sensory receptor. -The local anesthetic prevents any type of repolarization of this sensory receptor. -Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor requires that there be a simultaneous opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels and mechanically gated ion channels. -Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor will open the mechanically gated ion channels, but action potentials are still not initiated because propagation of an action potential requires the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? -A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels. -The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes. -Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. -Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions.

During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________. -the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane -the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory -the membrane is now impermeable to all ions -the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? -frequency of action potentials -type of stimulus -receptor size of action potentials -origin of the stimulus

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. -repolarization -resting period -absolute refractory period -depolarization

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? -ligand-gated channel -mechanically-gated channel -leakage channel -voltage-gated channel

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. -large nerve fibers -diphasic impulses -the myelin sheath -erratic transmission of nerve impulses

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. -proteins have been resynthesized -the membrane potential has been reestablished -all sodium gates are closed -the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following? -stimulation of the production of acetylcholine -amplify or enhance the effect of ACh -inability to release acetylcholine -inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron? -action potential -excitatory postsynaptic potential -inhibitory postsynaptic potential -resting potential

Which of the following does NOT describe the process of summation? -Two EPSPs occur close enough in time to bring the cell to threshold. -Two EPSPs are generated at the same time by two separate synapses, bringing the cell to threshold. -One EPSP and one IPSP cancel each other out. -One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold.

If a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________. -the postsynaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels -the postsynaptic cell is slow to repolarize -the postsynaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold - the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

If a postsynaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. -the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential -the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell -the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP -a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

Which of the following is false or incorrect? a. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. b. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. c. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. a. opening of voltage-regulated channels b. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur c. hyperpolarization d. a change in sodium ion permeability

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell? a. Chemically gated potassium channels will open. b. Chemically gated chloride channels will open. c. Chemically gated sodium channels will open. d. Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the postsynaptic cell? a. influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell b. depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane c. hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane d. opening of chemically gated sodium channels

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? a. Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. b. Acetylcholine has a "dose effect." c. Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit. Acetylcholine has many different forms. d. Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? a. norepinephrine b. cholinesterase c. gamma aminobutyric acid d. acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters? a. ATP and other purines b. nucleic acid c. amino acid d. biogenic amine

Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing? a. reverberating circuit b. converging circuit c. parallel after-discharge circuit d. diverging circuit

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus? a. receptor b. sensory neuron c. integration center d. effector

Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? a. converging circuits b. pre-synaptic circuits c. diverging circuits d. reverberating circuits

During meningitis, which of the following layers is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

Your patient's CT scan demonstrates a cerebral vascular accident causing damage to the inferior and posterior portions of her left cerebral hemisphere. Your patient is right-handed. What deficits should you expect?

Which statement is true of both poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?

White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________.

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls conscious brain activity?

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord?

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers?

In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs.

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

Broca's area ________.

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

Which part of the CNS sorts almost all sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex?

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus?

Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus?

Which of the following regions of the brain stem carries one-way communications that advise the cerebellum of voluntary motor activities initiated by the motor cortex?

The brain stem consists of the ________.

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate balance, posture, and somatic movement problems?

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is NOT correct?

Which functional area of the brain is responsible for keeping the cortex alert and conscious and enhancing its excitability?

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Which of the following does not enhance the conversion of short-term to long-term memories?

In anterograde amnesia ______.

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______.

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

REM sleep is associated with ________

Which statement about coma is true?

The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia.

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution?

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?

While sleep requirements vary, most adults need ________ hours of sleep for optimal health and function.

Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.

Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres?

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways.

A patient suffering from memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, and eventual language loss is most likely suffering from ________.

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

You have a patient experiencing an essential tremor, which makes it hard for him to dress and feed himself. Imaging has detected a lesion in the basal nuclei. How would you best explain the function of these cerebral structures to him?

What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control?

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord?

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.

Which of the following is not a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)?

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves?

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual axons in a nerve?

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs?

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information?

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________.

Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______.

The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______.

In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______.

Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______.

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?

You are removing a hot pan of cookies from the oven, using a pot holder. Suddenly, you feel a surge of heat through the pot holder. Why don't you react by dropping the baking pan and spilling cookies all over the floor?

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm?

You are closely observing a patient admitted to the ICU for head trauma. During his last examination, the patient demonstrated normal gaze. Now the patient's left eye is deviated inward, and he complains of double vision. What is your concern?

Your patient is unhappy about the injection that you are preparing to administer into her buttock. "If you have to do it, give it right in the middle," she insists. How should you respond?

__________ are receptors that can respond to painful stimuli.

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors?

Receptors that respond to changes in room temperature are found in the skin. Which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above?

We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. Which of the following receptors is most likely responsible for this ability?

Which receptors respond to stimuli within the body?

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.

In order for you to realize there has been a sensory change, it has to reach the __________ level of processing.

Which of the following is the best explanation of how a stimulus's strength is transmitted to the central nervous system from sensory nerves?

Select the statement that is most correct.

Which of the following carries no sensory information?

A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following?

A patient has lost the ability to taste food. Which nerve may have been damaged?

An emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her patient's eye. She records the reactivity of the patient's pupils as they constrict when stimulated by the light. This test supports which of the following?

A bit of dust blows into and touches the cornea of the eye. Which of the following is likely to happen?

A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT being tested?

Bell's palsy is ________.

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

Gluteal muscle innervation comes from which plexus?

In carpal tunnel syndrome, the __________ is compressed.

The obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus

Striking the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus

Trauma to a nerve of this plexus may cause wrist drop

A fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this plexus

The phrenic nerve branches from this plexus

Dermatome maps are useful to clinicians because ________.

A patient has an injury of the spine and is now suffering from a loss of motor function in his right arm. However, he still has normal sensory function in the arm. Based on this information it is likely that the patient has nervous tissue damage located at ________.

Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order) ________.

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?

Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________.

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________.

Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument

Consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex; important in maintaining balance

Produces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral

Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone

Produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle relaxes as its antagonist is activated

Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.

After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?

In which of the following structures would you expect to see afferent ganglia?

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?

Which of the following is not an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function?

Which of the following would not be an example of autonomic neuropathy?

Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?

Which target organ is not affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things?

Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?

What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?

Which receptor pairing below is correct?

Which of the following is an effect of norepinephrine binding to beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during sympathetic stimulation. Which of the following statements describes why epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response?

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Organophosphate insecticides work by blocking acetylcholinesterase. Which symptom would NOT be typical of poisoning with these agents?

Your patient is recovering after a severe allergic reaction to a bee sting. You are instructing him on the use of the epinephrine auto-injection device that has been prescribed for him. Which of the following groups of side effects would NOT be expected after self-injection with epinephrine?

Which of the following does NOT describe the ANS?

Which of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.

Which of the following is not associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The "fight or flight" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.

Which of the following is mismatched?

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve ________.

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.

Where would you NOT find autonomic ganglia?

Drugs called beta-blockers ________.

Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

Erection (vasodilation) of the penis or clitoris ________.

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.

Which of the following is mismatched?

Raynaud's disease ________.

Which of the following is NOT true about hypertension?

Aqueous humor forms during capillary filtration in the __________?

What structure in the eye creates a visual blind spot?

Which photoreceptor cells respond to very dim light?

Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction?

The malleus, incus, and stapes of the middle ear are joined by tiny _____.

Where are equilibrium receptors located?

Which of the following is true of receptors for dynamic equilibrium?

What stimuli does the vestibular apparatus detect?

You realize that many of your geriatric patients have visual problems that impact their care. Which item is NOT a common cause of decreased visual acuity in the elderly?

A patient has noticed that his ability to hear has recently decreased. Which item is NOT likely to have caused his problem?

Damage to the medial portion of the optic chiasm, cause by a pituitary tumor, would lead to __________.

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ________.

Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth?

The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________.

Which middle ear ossicle is attached to, and transmits vibratory motion to, the oval window?

A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the following is likely to be a result?

We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following receptors are most likely responsible for this ability.

Injury to cervical vertebrae C3-C4 is particularly problematic because ________.

Regeneration within the CNS ________.

Transduction refers to conversion of ________.

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called ________.

Which is an exclusively sympathetic function?

Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the following EXCEPT ________.

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.

Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels. However, the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment) are avascular. Which is the best explanation for how these cells are maintained?

Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________.

Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors?

Humans can smell as many as 10,000 different odors but have significantly fewer types of olfactory receptors. Which of the following is the best explanation for why humans can distinguish so many smells?

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by a viral infection, resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous labyrinth. Which of the following symptoms would you most associate with the condition of labyrinthitis?

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.

Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?

The blind spot of the eye is caused by ________.