Autonomic Nervous System (Ch 14)

24 July 2022
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question
All of the following characterize the ANS except? a) a two-neuron efferent chain b) presence of nerve cell bodies in the CNS c) presence of nerve cell bodies in the ganglia d) innervation of skeletal muscles
answer
d) innervation of skeletal muscles
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Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers. A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic
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B) Sympathetic
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All of the following characterize the autonomic nervous system except
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inner action of skeletal muscles
question
Mrs. Oberhaus needs surgery to correct a severe case of Raynaud's disease, affecting one of her hands. What surgical procedure will be performed? After the surgery, will she be more likely to suffer from anhidrosis (lack of sweating) or hyperhidrosis (profuse sweating) in the affected hand?
answer
The doctor will perform a sympathectomy, and the affected hand will suffer from anhidrosis.
question
Which organ receives major input from the sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, division?
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skin The smooth muscle of dermal blood vessels and arrector pili are innervated by the sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, division.
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short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers
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sympathetic
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Collateral ganglia. A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic
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B) Sympathetic
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Parasympathetic
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Maintenance functions
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Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system ____(1) short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibres ____(2) intramural ganglia ____(3) craniosacral part ____(4) adrenergic fibres ____(5) cervical ganglia ____(6) otic and ciliary ganglia ____(7) generally short-duration action ____(8) increases heart rate and blood pressure ____(9) increases gastric motility and secretions ____(10) innervates blood vessels ____(11) most active when you are relaxing in a hammock ____12) active when you are running in Boston marathon
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(1) S (2)P (3)P (4)S (5)S (6)P (7)P (8)S (9)P (10)S (11)P (12)S
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Preganglionic neurons develop from a) neural crest cells b) neural tube cells c) alar plate cells d) endoderm
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b) neural tube cells
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sympathetic
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Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers.
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Active after you have eaten a meal. A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic
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A) Parasympathetic
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intramural ganglia
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parasympathetic
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The group of fibers indicated by E represents which of the following?
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white rami communicantes The white rami communicantes connect preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord to the sympathetic trunk.
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craniosacral
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parasympathetic
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Which of the following statements is true of the group of fibers indicated by the letter D?
answer
D indicates fibers that bypass collateral ganglia and terminate within the adrenal gland. Unlike other preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division, the particular fibers indicated by D pass through the celiac ganglion to the adrenal gland, where they stimulate the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
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The white rami communicantes contain what kind of fibres a) preganglionic parasympathetic b) postganglionic parasympathetic c) preganglionic sympathetic d) postganglionic sympathetic
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c) preganglionic sympathetic
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Decreases heart rate. A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic
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A) Parasympathetic
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parasympathetic
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Collateral ganglia.
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Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervating a) abdominal organs b) thoracic organs c) head d) arrector pili e) all of these
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a) abdominal organs
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Parasympathetic
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Active after you have eaten a meal.
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Causes erection of the penis. A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic
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A) Parasympathetic
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adrenergic fibers
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sympathetic
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Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?
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thoracic and lumbar Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division arise from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions (T1 to L2) of the spinal cord.
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Parasympathetic
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Stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye, which makes the lens bulge for close vision.
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Stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye. A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic
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A) Parasympathetic
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cervical ganglia
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sympathetic
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Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve?
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A The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a component of the parasympathetic cranial outflow and controls normal function of organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities.
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An elderly patient in a nursing home has recurrent episodes of fainting when he stands. An alert nurse notes that this occurs only when his room is fairly warm; on cold mornings, he has no difficulty. What is the cause of the fainting, and how does it relate to the autonomic nervous system and to room temperature?
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The fainting episodes are a result of orthostatic hypotension. The condition is exaggerated when blood supply to the skin is increased, such as when the room is warm.
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optic and ciliary ganglia
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parasympathetic
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Increases blood pressure. A) Parasympathetic B) Sympathetic
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B) Sympathetic
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sympathetic
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Increases blood pressure
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ACh
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Secreted by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
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Preganglionic sympathetic. A) Norepinephrine (NE) B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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generally short-duration action
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parasympathetic
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Why would smooth muscle associated with lung bronchioles dilate while smooth muscle associated with arterial walls constricts when stimulated by norepinephrine neurotransmitter?
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different receptor types
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ACh
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Secreted by preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
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Preganglionic parasympathetic. A) Norepinephrine (NE) B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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increases heart rate and blood pressure
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sympathetic
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Nasal decongestants phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine act to shrink dilated blood vessels in the nasal passages to relieve congestion. They are called sympathomimetics because they act similar to sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Which of the following would be an undesirable side effect associated with their use?
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nervousness
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Postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands. A) Norepinephrine (NE) B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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increases gastric motility and secretion of lacrimal, salivary, and digestive juices
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parasympathetic
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Where are ganglia of the parasympathetic division located?
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in or near effector organs Note the location shown in the figure of synapses between preganglionic and ganglionic fibers on the left side of the figure that summarizes the outflow of the parasympathetic division.
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All of the following characterize the ANS except two-neuron efferent chain presence of nerve cell bodies in the CNS presence of nerve cell bodies in the ganglia innervation of skeletal muscles
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innervation of skeletal muscles
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Postganglionic parasympathetic. A) Norepinephrine (NE) B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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inner cares blood vessels
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sympathetic
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NE
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Secreted by most postganglionic sympathetic fibers
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Most postganglionic sympathetic. A) Norepinephrine (NE) B) Acetylcholine (ACh)
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A) Norepinephrine (NE)
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most active when you are relaxing in a hammock
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parasympathetic
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Which of the following terms relate to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers intramural ganglia craniosacral outflow adrenergic fibers
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short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers adrenergic fibers
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False
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Somatic and visceral reflex arcs are similar, but visceral reflex arcs lack afferent fibers (visceral sensory neurons).
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Because the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and actually are rarely found.
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False
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active when you're running in the boston marathon
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sympathetic
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Which of the following terms relate to the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? cervical ganglia otic and ciliary ganglia generally short-duration action increases heart rate and blood pressure
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otic and ciliary ganglia generally short-duration action
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True
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The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.
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The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.
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True
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preganglionic neurons develop from
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neural tube cells
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Which of the following terms relate to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? increases gastric motility and secretion of lacrimal, salivary, and digestive juices innervates blood vessels most active when you are swinging in a hammock active when you are running in the Boston Marathon
answer
innervates blood vessels active when you are running in the Boston Marathon
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Preganglionic neurons develop from
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neural tube cells
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the white rami communicantes contain what kind of fibers
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preganglionic sympathetic
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The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers.
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False
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False
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The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers
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True
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The sympathetic division innervates more organs than the parasympathetic division
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Splanchnic nerves are mixed motor and sensory nerves.
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False
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Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervating
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abdominal organs
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The white rami communicantes contain what kind of fibers?
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preganglionic sympathetic
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True
answer
The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.
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The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.
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True
question
Briefly explain why the following terms are sometimes used to refer to the autonomic nervous system: involuntary nervous system and emotional-visceral system
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The autonomic nervous system is refered to as involuntary because it is not under conscious control. It is mediated mostly by the brain stem, cranial nerve X and some other cranial nerves and the paravertebral ganglia located thoracically and cranially. It is called the emotional/visceral system because a branch of the autonomic system called the sympathetic system controls the fright/flight response. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems together also control many visceral functions such as heart rate, sweating (temperature control), vascular tone, pilo-erection, digestion, pupillary diameter, salivary gland function, etc.
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Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with the innervation of the
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abdominal organs
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True
answer
The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.
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The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.
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True
question
Describe the anatomical relationship of the white and grey rami communicantes to the spinal nerve, and indicate the kind of fibers found in each ramus type
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The thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves each contribute a branch, white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion.They contain myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers (GVE and GVA).Unlike the gray rami, white rami communicantes do not extend below L2 or above T1.
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sweat glands
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increase the production of sweat
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adrenal medula
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releases norepinephrine and epinephrine
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The sympathetic chain is composed of collateral ganglia.
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True
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Indicate the results of . sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.
answer
sweat glands-- stimulates copious sweating, eye pupils-- dilates pupil, adrenal medullae-- secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, heart -- dilates blood vessels, lungs-- dilates bronchioles, liver -- stimulates release of glucose to blood, blood vessels -- constricts and raises blood pressure, salivary glands -- stimulates secretion
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False
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All visceral organs receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
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True
answer
Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.
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Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.
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True
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which of the effects listed in response to question 8 would be reversed by parasympathetic activity?
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pupils, lungs, liver
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lungs
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bronchodilation
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True
answer
Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.
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Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.
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True
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which ANS fibers release acetylcholine? which release norepinephrine?
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The ANS postganglionic axon releases onto visceral effectors organs Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine. In the ANS The sympathetic system releases the Norepinephrine (NE) The parasympathetic system releases the Acetylcholine (ACh)
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liver
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glycogenolysis and the release of glucose to the blood
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True
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The effect of beta-blocker drugs (block beta-receptors) is to decrease blood pressure.
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Alpha-adrenergic effects are usually stimulatory and mediatory.
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True
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describe the meaning and importance of sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone
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Both your sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons have a constant rate of firing under normal conditions. This is called their "tone", and it maintains the normal rate of your heartbeat, keeps your blood pressure within a normal range and such to maintain homeostasis. Of course, the sympathetic and parasympathetic firing rate changes greatly during fight-or-flight responses and such.
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blood vessels to digestive viscera
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constriction
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What area of the brain is most directly involved in mediating autonomic reflexes?
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reticular formation nuclei in the brain stem
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The adrenal medulla is considered a "misplaced" sympathetic ganglion by some.
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True
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list the receptor subtypes for ACh and NE, and indicate the major sites where each type is found
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ACh binds to two types of cholinergic receptors. They are nicotinic (stimulated by nicotine) and muscarinic (stimulated by muscarine) receptors. Nicotinic receptors are present in the cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia whereas muscarinic receptors are present on the effector cells of cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands. The cellular mechanisms!
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True
answer
The adrenal medulla is considered by some to be a "misplaced" sympathetic ganglion since embryologically, they arise from the same tissue.
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True
answer
Acetylcholine is released by all somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons of the ANS and by the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers.
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Acetylcholine is the substance released by the axonal endings of the somatic efferent fibers and by the parasympathetic nerve fiber endings.
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True
question
which area of the brain is most directly involved in mediating autonomic reflexes
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Medulla Oblongata
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Name the main integration center that coordinates heart rate, blood presure, and body temperature.
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hypothalamus
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False
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS have the same effect on most body organ systems
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Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.
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False
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describe the importance of the hypothalamus in controlling the autonomic nervous system.
answer
The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the Autonomic Nervous System. It synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles
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Which neurotransmitter do all preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division secrete?
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adrenaline
question
True
answer
Some sympathetic preganglionic fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood, producing a "surge of adrenaline."
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Through direct neural stimulation, the sympathetic division promotes many metabolic effects via hormone release.
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True
question
describe the basis and uses of biofeedback training
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Biofeedback is the process of becoming aware of various physiological functions using instruments that provide information on the activity of those same systems, with a goal of being able to manipulate them at will. Biofeedback may be used to improve health or performance, and the physiological changes often occur in conjunction with changes to thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Eventually, these changes can be maintained without the use of extra equipment.
question
Which neurotransmitter do the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release?
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acetylcholine
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The premise of biofeedback training is that we do not routinely exert voluntary controls over our visceral activities because we have little conscious awareness of our internal environment. The training allows subjects to become aware of the body's signals and subsequently make subtle internal changes to help them control such things as migraine headaches and stress.
answer
T
question
Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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False
question
which manifestations of decreased autonomic nervous system efficiency are seen in elderly individuals?
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lipofuscin
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False
answer
The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system
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False
answer
The ANS stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles only
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The ANS stimulates smooth and skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates cardiac muscles only.
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False
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postganglionic neurons are also called ganglionic neurons. Why is the latter term more accurate?
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Because it extends to the effector neuron so technically its not post
question
What manifestation(s) of decreased autonomic nervous system efficiency are seen in elderly individuals? constipation dry eyes loss of appetite loss of muscle tone faintness when they change position, such as standing up abruptly after sitting
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constipation dry eyes ?
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False
answer
Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers
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Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers.
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False
question
Mr.Johnson suffers from urinary retention and a hypo active urinary bladder. Bethanechol, a drug that mimics acetylcholine's autonomic effects, is prescribed to manage his problem. First explain the rationale for prescribing bethanechol, and then predict which of the following adverse effects Mr.Johnson might experience while taking this drug: dizziness, low blood pressure, deficient tear formation, wheezing, increased mucus production in bronchi, deficient salvation, diarrhea, cramping, excessive sweating, undesirable erection of penis
answer
Bethanechol increases bladder contractions. It effects parasympathetic activity by mimicking effects of ACh. Effects include: dizziness, wheezing, diarrhea, & cramping
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Sympathetic tone
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determines the degree of constriction or dilation throughout the vascular system under resting conditions
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True
answer
Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia, containing the cell bodies of motor neurons
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Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia only.
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True
question
A 32-year old woman complains of intermittent aching pains in the medial two fingers of both hands. During such episodes, the fingers become blanched and then blue. Her history is taken, and it is noted that she is a heavy smoker. The physician advises her that she must stop smoking and states that she will not prescribe any medication until the patient has discontinued smoking for a month. What is this patients condition, and why was she told to stop smoking?
answer
The patient more than likely has Raynaud's disease, which is an exaggerated vasoconstriction response. She must stop smoking because nicotine is already a vasoconstrictor by stimulating sympathetic effects and raising blood pressure. Severe blood vessel constriction can cause tissue death.
question
Parasympathetic tone
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is important to determining heart rate and GI function.
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Tone
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) refers to the firing rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.
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The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
answer
True
question
Tiffany, a 21-year old college student, is having trouble sleeping, cries frequently, and having recurrent thought of suicide. An antidepressant is prescribed. Like many such drugs, this antidepressant has anticholinergic side effects. What side effects might Tiffany experience in the first week of treatment?
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Drymouth, sore throat, loss of coordination, warm/ blotchy/ red skin, increased body temperature, pupil dilation, blurred vision
question
True
answer
The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division
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True
answer
Autonomic ganglia are sights of synapse and information transmission from preganglionic to postganglionic neurons
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The chain ganglion, like the dorsal root ganglion, contains soma from sensory neurons.
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False
question
As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by dozing Henry's nose, his mouth started to water and his stomach began to rumble. Explain his reactions in terms if autonomic nervous system activity
answer
If we are hungry, just the sight, smell or thought of food will cause our digestive system to signal the brain to get all the systems prepared for the entry of food. This causes the muscles that line the stomach and intestines to start moving and also to start releasing digestive fluids, which creates the rumble that is often heard.
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Resting tone
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of each system aids in the maintenance of homeostasis under normal conditions.
question
True
answer
Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone
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Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone.
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True
question
Acetylcholine is released by all somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons of the ANS and by the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers.
answer
T
question
False
answer
The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
answer
False
question
The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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F
question
True
answer
The effect of the parasympathetic division on the penis is vasodilation causing erection, while ejaculation is due to sympathetic stimulation
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Events recorded in a lie detector examination are controlled by the sympathetic division.
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True
question
Most splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus.
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T
question
The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.
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T
question
False
answer
All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic
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All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.
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False
question
True
answer
Most splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus
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Splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus.
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True
question
The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
answer
T
question
True
answer
The vasomotor tone of blood vessels is mostly under sympathetic control
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The structures that specifically exhibit vasomotor tone are mostly under sympathetic control.
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True
question
Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.
answer
T
question
False
answer
Because many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic, meaning contraction is strongest when both divisions act together.
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Because many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic.
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False
question
The vasomotor tone of blood vessels is mostly under sympathetic control.
answer
T
question
False
answer
β-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart
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β-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart.
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False
question
All visceral organs receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
answer
F
question
Some sympathetic preganglionic fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood, producing a "surge of adrenaline."
answer
T
question
Autonomic reflex centers occur in the spinal cord, medulla, and midbrain.
answer
True
question
True
answer
Visceral reflexes include the reflexes that empty the bladder and the rectum
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True
answer
Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), and IX (glossopharyngeal) supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic fibers lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves.
question
Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic fibers lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves.
answer
True
question
Rami communicantes are designated white or gray to indicate whether or not the fibers passing through them are myelinated.
answer
T
question
True
answer
The sacral part of the parasympathetic division serves the pelvic organs and the distal half of the large intestine.
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Because parasympathetic fibers never run in spinal nerves, rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division.
answer
True
question
Which of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system? most glands cardiac muscle skeletal muscle smooth muscle
answer
skeletal muscle
question
True
answer
Rami communicantes are designated white or gray to indicate whether or not the fibers passing through them are myelinated
question
Rami communicantes are designated white or grey to indicate whether or not the fibers passing through them are myelinated.
answer
True
question
Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
answer
dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
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False
answer
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are two separate systems that work totally independent of each other and lack any functional overlap.
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The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
answer
parasympathetic division
question
True
answer
Albuterol (Ventolin) binds to β2 receptors and is used by asthma patients to dilate the bronchioles of the lungs and ease breathing
question
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
answer
hypothalamus
question
The mushroom poison muscarine can bind to receptors on ________.
answer
all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
question
B) sympathetic stimulation
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The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________. A) parasympathetic innervation B) sympathetic stimulation C) vagus (X) nerve activity D) somatic stimulation
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B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
answer
Which of the following does NOT describe the ANS? A) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells C) involuntary nervous system D) general visceral motor system
question
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
answer
vagus (X) nerves
question
A) sympathetic division
answer
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________. A) sympathetic division B) cerebrum C) parasympathetic division D) somatic nervous system
question
The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________.
answer
vagus (X) nerves
question
D) regulation of activity by higher brain centers
answer
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) their effectors B) their efferent pathways and ganglia C) target organ responses to their neurotransmitters D) regulation of activity by higher brain centers
question
Parasympathetic functions include ________.
answer
lens accommodation for close vision
question
A) all parasympathetic target organs
answer
Where would you NOT find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor? A) all parasympathetic target organs B) all postganglionic neurons (cell bodies and dendrites) C) adrenal medulla hormone producing cells D) sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions
question
Raynaud's disease ________.
answer
is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities
question
A) ciliary ganglion
answer
The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________. A) ciliary ganglion B) pterygopalatine ganglion C) submandibular ganglion D) otic ganglion
question
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
answer
first thoracic
question
D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
answer
Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) constriction of most blood vessels B) weak dilation of the blood vessels of skeletal muscles during exercise C) increase of heart rate and force D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
question
Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the following EXCEPT?
answer
synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
question
C) X (vagus)
answer
Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerves ________. A) V (trigeminal) B) VII (facial) C) X (vagus) D) XII (hypoglossal)
question
Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.
answer
NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
question
A) parasympathetic division
answer
The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________. A) parasympathetic division B) sympathetic division C) somatic division D) peripheral division
question
The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________.
answer
ciliary ganglion
question
C) hypothalamus
answer
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________. A) medulla B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) thalamus
question
Autonomic ganglia contain ________.
answer
the cell bodies of motor neurons
question
C) skeletal muscle
answer
Which of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) skeletal muscle D) most glands
question
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
answer
hypothalamus
question
B) dilation of the pupils
answer
Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation? A) salivation B) dilation of the pupils C) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera D) elimination of urine
question
Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
answer
beta 1
question
A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar. B) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic ganglia are close to the visceral organs served. C) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. D) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers.
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Which type of drug would be useful in dilating the pupils for an examination of the retina?
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muscarinic receptor inhibitor
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B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
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Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________. A) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response C) preganglionic fibers are short D) preganglionic fibers are long
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Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?
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regulation of body temperature
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D) first thoracic
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Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra? A) second cervical B) third lumbar C) first coccyx D) first thoracic
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers. Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic ganglia are close to the visceral organs served. Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
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Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
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C) the cell bodies of motor neurons
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Autonomic ganglia contain ________. A) an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons B) synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors C) the cell bodies of motor neurons D) both somatic afferent and efferent neurons
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Where would you NOT find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor?
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all parasympathetic target organs
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B) oculomotor (III)
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The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision. A) optic (II) B) oculomotor (III) C) trochlear (IV) D) abducens (VI)
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Erection (vasodilation) of the penis or clitoris ________.
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is primarily under parasympathetic control
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D) splanchnic nerves
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Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called ________. A) white rami communicantes B) gray rami communicantes C) spinal nerves D) splanchnic nerves
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Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerves ________.
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X (vagus)
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C) inferior hypogastric
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Which of the following is NOT a plexus of the vagus (X) nerve? A) cardiac B) pulmonary C) inferior hypogastric D) esophageal
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Which of the following does NOT describe the ANS?
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a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
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C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
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Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________. A) visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons B) somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons D) visceral arcs do not use integration centers
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Which sympathetic fibers form a splanchnic nerve?
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those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia
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C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract
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The parasympathetic tone ________. A) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration B) accelerates activity of the digestive tract C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract D) causes blood pressure to rise
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The parasympathetic tone ________.
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determines normal activity of the urinary tract
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A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
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Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the following EXCEPT? A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion B) synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion C) ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion D) pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron
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Autonomic dysreflexia ________.
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involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
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C) reticular formation
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Which of the following appears to exert the most direct influence over autonomic functions? A) hypothalamus B) midbrain C) reticular formation D) medulla oblongata
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Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.
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sympathetic division
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B) decrease heart rate and blood pressure
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Drugs called beta-blockers ________. A) increase a dangerously low heart rate B) decrease heart rate and blood pressure C) have widespread sympathetic effects D) are potent antidepressants
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Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
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dilation of the pupils
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B) is primarily under parasympathetic control
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Erection (vasodilation) of the penis or clitoris ________. A) is primarily under sympathetic control B) is primarily under parasympathetic control C) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input D) depends very little on autonomic activation
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Which of the following is mismatched?
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promotes urination; sympathetic
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D) regulation of body temperature
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Which is a uniquely sympathetic function? A) regulation of pupil size B) regulation of cardiac rate C) regulation of respiratory rate D) regulation of body temperature
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Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called ________.
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splanchnic nerves
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A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities
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Raynaud's disease ________. A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities B) is induced by heat stress C) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord D) is frequently life threatening
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Which of the following is NOT a plexus of the vagus (X) nerve?
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inferior hypogastric
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B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
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Autonomic dysreflexia ________. A) is also known as autonomic areflexia B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons C) usually precedes spinal shock D) results from over-excitatory input from the cortex
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Where would you NOT find autonomic ganglia?
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within spinal cord
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D) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia
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Which sympathetic fibers form a splanchnic nerve? A) those that synapse with parasympathetic fibers B) those that synapse in the same trunk ganglion they entered C) those that synapse with somatic fibers D) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia
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A mugger steals your wallet causing all of the following to happen EXCEPT ________.
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increased glucose uptake to the liver from blood
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A) beta 1
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Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity? A) beta 1 B) beta 2 C) beta 3 D) alpha 1
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Which target organ receives dual innervation?
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small intestines
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D) within spinal cord
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Where would you NOT find autonomic ganglia? A) unpaired, anterior to spinal cord B) paired, beside spinal cord C) within wall of organ served or close to organ D) within spinal cord
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Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.
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increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
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C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
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Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________. A) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
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Which of the following appears to exert the most direct influence over autonomic functions?
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reticular formation
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D) vagus (X) nerves
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The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________. A) lumbar splanchnic nerves B) cephalic plexus C) pelvic nerves D) vagus (X) nerves
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Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.
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visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
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C) vagus (X) nerves
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The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________. A) sympathetic trunk B) phrenic nerve C) vagus (X) nerves D) sacral nerves
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The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following EXCEPT ________.
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regulation of activity by higher brain centers
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C) lens accommodation for close vision
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Parasympathetic functions include ________. A) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction B) allowing the body to cope with an external threat C) lens accommodation for close vision D) raising blood glucose levels
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Drugs called beta-blockers ________.
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decrease heart rate and blood pressure
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B) hypothalamus
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Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________. A) lateral horn of the spinal cord B) hypothalamus C) lateral geniculate of the thalamus D) inferior colliculus
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The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
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sympathetic stimulation
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A) all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
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The mushroom poison muscarine can bind to receptors on ________. A) all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers B) the hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla C) cell bodies and dendrites of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons D) cell bodies and dendrites of sympathetic postganglionic neurons
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A) nicotinic agents
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Which of the following drug classes would be useful for smoking cessation products? A) nicotinic agents B) parasympathomimetic agents (muscarinic agents) C) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors D) sympathomimetic agents
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C) increased glucose uptake to the liver from blood
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A mugger steals your wallet causing all of the following to happen EXCEPT ________. A) increased rate and force of heartbeat B) inability to read close-up print C) increased glucose uptake to the liver from blood D) increased metabolic rate
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D) promotes urination; sympathetic
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Which of the following is mismatched? A) gallbladder contracts to expel bile; parasympathetic B) bronchiole dilation in lungs; sympathetic C) penis ejaculation; sympathetic D) promotes urination; sympathetic
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B) muscarinic receptor inhibitor
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Which type of drug would be useful in dilating the pupils for an examination of the retina? A) beta-3 receptor mimic B) muscarinic receptor inhibitor C) alpha-1 receptor inhibitor D) beta-1 receptor mimic
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C) small intestine
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Which target organ receives dual innervation? A) kidney B) sweat glands C) small intestine D) coronary blood vessels
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D) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE
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Which of the following is mismatched? A) sympathetic preganglionic fibers; release ACh B) parasympathetic preganglionic fibers; release ACh C) sympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE D) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE