CH 11: MasteringAandP

Neurons in the parasympathetic pathway use which of the following neurotransmitters? A.) acetylcholine (preganglionic) and norepinephrine (postganglionic) B.) acetylcholine C.) norepinephrine D.) norepinephrine (preganglionic) and acetylcholine (postganglionic)

Which of the following is the type of adrenergic receptor found in most sympathetic target tissues? A.) beta 2 B.) alpha 1 C.) beta 1 D.) alpha 2

Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest sensitivity for epinephrine? A.) α1 B.) β1 C.) β2 D.) β3

What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on the postsynaptic muscle cell? A.) Ca2+ would leak out of the cell as Na+ flowed into the cell. B.) Ca2+ would flow into the cell as Na+ flowed out of the cell. C.) Na+ would flow into the cell and K+ would flow out of the cell. D.) Only Na+ would flow into the cell.

The diameter of blood vessels varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________. A.) sympathetic and parasympathetic; decrease or increase, respectively B.) sympathetic and parasympathetic; increase or decrease, respectively C.) sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present D.) autonomic; either increase or decrease, depending upon whether the innervation is sympathetic or parasympathetic

The division of the efferent nervous system that controls smooth and cardiac muscles and many glands is the ________ division. A.) autonomic B.) sympathetic C.) somatic D.) parasympathetic

The motor neurons primarily associated with the fight-or-flight response are the _____ neurons. A.) skeletal B.) sympathetic C.) somatic D.) parasympathetic

These neurons secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto their targets: A.) all types of motor neurons. B.) sympathetic and parasympathetic motor. C.) somatic motor and parasympathetic motor. D.) sympathetic and somatic motor.

The two main types of acetylcholine receptor are known as A.) alpha and beta. B.) nicotinic and muscarinic. C.) cholinergic and adrenergic. D.) sympathetic and parasympathetic.

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle causes which of the following? A.) muscle contraction or extension, depending on the type of receptor B.) muscle contraction or relaxation, depending on innervation by either sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons C.) muscle contraction or relaxation, depending on the type of receptor D.) muscle contraction

The target tissue(s) of somatic motor neurons is/are ________. A.) cardiac and smooth muscles B.) skeletal muscle C.) skeletal and cardiac muscles D.) skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

What is an appropriate classification for the ACh receptor found in the neuromuscular junction? A.) voltage-gated, nonspecific, cation channel B.) voltage-gated Na+ channel C.) ligand-gated Na+ channel D.) ligand-gated, nonspecific, cation channel

What type of acetylcholine receptor is present in the postganglionic neurons and on the target tissue in autonomic pathways? A.) nicotinic on the postganglionic neurons and muscarinic on the target tissue B.) nicotinic on the target tissue and adrenergic on the postganglionic neuron C.) muscarinic on the postganglionic neuron and adrenergic on the target tissue D.) nicotinic on the target tissue and muscarinic on the postganglionic neuron

Which nervous system division has parasympathetic and sympathetic branches? A.) the somatic division of the efferent nervous system B.) the visceral division of the afferent nervous system C.) the involuntary division of the afferent nervous system D.) the autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A.) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. B.) Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. C.) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. D.) It is dominant during "resting and digesting." E.) All of the statements apply.

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division. A.) somatic and sensory B.) autonomic C.) somatic and autonomic D.) somatic E.) sensory

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because A.) it is a source of catecholamines. B.) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. C.) it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. D.) it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. E.) it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.

Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. hypothalamus 4. pons 5. medulla 6. thalamus A.) 1, 3, 5 B.) 2, 3, 4, 5 C.) 1, 3, 4, 5 D.) 1, 2, 3, 5 E.) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation A.) 1 and 3 B.) 1, 2, 3, 4 C.) 1 and 2 D.) 1, 2, 3 E.) 2, 3, 4

"Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving A.) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. B.) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. C.) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. D.) two nerves from the spinal cord. E.) None of the answers are correct.

The parasympathetic tissue receptor is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

The target receptor for preganglionic neurons is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

This is released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

The primary sympathetic neurotransmitter is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

The sympathetic tissue receptor is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight). A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

The two types of cholinergic receptors are A.) nicotinic and muscarinic. B.) beta and adrenergic. C.) nicotinic and adrenergic. D.) alpha and beta.

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS. A.) parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions B.) parasympathetic autonomic ganglia C.) sympathetic autonomic ganglia D.) sympathetic neuroeffector junctions

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS. A.) central nervous system B.) neuroeffector junctions C.) autonomic ganglia D.) varicosities

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are A.) nicotinic and muscarinic. B.) alpha and beta. C.) beta and cholinergic. D.) nicotinic and cholinergic.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? A.) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons. B.) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. C.) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. D.) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. E.) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.

Salivation is a response to a ___________________. A.) sympathetic agonist B.) parasympathetic agonist

Decreased activity in digestive tract is a response to a _______________. A.) sympathetic agonist B.) parasympathetic agonist

Pupil dilation is a response to a _______________. A.) sympathetic agonist B.) parasympathetic agonist

Blocked urination is a response to a _____________. A.) sympathetic antagonist B.) parasympathetic antagonist

Blocked secretion of adrenal catecholamines is a response to a _______________. A.) sympathetic antagonist B.) parasympathetic antagonist

Blocked secretion of pancreatic enzymes is a response to a _________________. A.) sympathetic antagonist B.) parasympathetic antagonist

Somatic motor neurons secrete the neurotransmitter ________ onto ________ receptors at the target tissue. A.) acetylcholine; nicotinic B.) norepinephrine; nicotinic C.) acetylcholine; muscarinic D.) norepinephrine; adrenergic

How do the synapses of the autonomic nervous system differ from a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)? A.) There is no effective way of blocking (antagonizing) the effects of the autonomic nervous system, but blocking the somatic motor system is relatively easy. B.) The neurotransmitters used are very different between the two systems. C.) Neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated on the postsynaptic membrane in the NMJ but diffusely arranged across the tissue in a varicosity. D.) Synapses of the somatic motor system receive input from the brain, whereas the autonomic nervous system signaling originates in the spinal cord.

Which type of receptor is found in the neuromuscular junction? A.) adrenergic B.) dopaminergic C.) muscarinic D.) nicotinic

What is the trigger for ACh release into the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction? A.) Stimulation of the presynaptic membrane releases ACh via a cAMP second messenger system. B.) An action potential at the axon terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. C.) Contraction of nearby muscle cells stimulates the release of ACh from surrounding neurons of the same motor unit. D.) Acetylcholinesterase opens vesicles, allowing ACh to diffuse into the cleft.

How many molecules of ACh are necessary to completely activate the cholinergic nicotinic receptor? A.) one B.) two C.) three D.) four

The motor end plate is A.) the same as the neuromuscular junction. B.) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. C.) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. D.) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position. E.) the same as the synaptic cleft.

Sometimes the effects of sympathetic stimulation can be contradictory in the same types of tissue. For example, in the arterioles of the GI tract, sympathetic stimulation causes constriction while arterioles of skeletal muscle can dilate in response to sympathetic stimulation. What mechanism explains these opposite effects? A.) Different neurotransmitters binding to the same receptors B.) The effect will reflect the "needs" of the tissue at the time. C.) Two different types of sympathetic neurons carry signals to tissues. The nature of the effect is due to the type of neuron used. D.) Different receptors for the same neurotransmitter

What is the main enzyme responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines? A.) Adrenergase B.) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) C.) Protein kinase A D.) Monoamine oxidase

Why is the parasympathetic nervous system also called the cranio-sacral division? A.) Its nerves arise in the head and sacrum. B.) It controls organs found in the head and lower part of the body. C.) It is an artifact of the original anatomist's naming errors. D.) The regulatory signals governing the parasympathetic nervous system originate in the head and pelvis.

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are divergent, meaning that a single stimulus can have an effect on a large number of targets. In other words, when the SNS is activated, all of the organs it innervates are stimulated. This does not occur in the parasympathetic system. Why? A.) The parasympathetic system innervates too many organs to allow this to occur. B.) The SNS uses norepinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors. These are better at spreading signals than nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. C.) The sympathetic ganglia spreads the stimulus to all postganglionic sympathetic neurons. D.) The SNS response is related to immediate survival. Therefore, the signal needs to be more widely spread than the PNS signal.