Ch 23

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems have all of the following functions in common EXCEPT 1. transport of gases. 2. exchange of gases 3. maintenance of blood pH Entry field with correct answer 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 are correct 1, 2, and 3 are correct

Some structures in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts serve as sites for gas diffusion. Entry field with correct answer True False

The ________ cartilages of the larynx play the most important part in sound production.

Place the layers of the trachea in order from deep to superficial. Entry field with correct answer mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia submucosa, mucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia adventitia, hyaline cartilage, submucosa, mucosa adventitia, hyaline cartilage, mucosa, submucosa hyaline cartilage, submucosa, mucosa, adventitia

As the bronchial tree branches from bronchi to bronchioles, cartilage decreases while smooth muscle increases. Entry field with correct answer True False

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Entry field with correct answer The lungs surround the mediastinum. Air normally fills the pleural cavity. The visceral pleura covers the lungs. The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity. The parietal and visceral pleura are separated by the pleural cavity.

A bronchopulmonary segment is directly supplied by a ______________________. Entry field with correct answer primary bronchus. secondary (lobar) bronchus. tertiary (segmental) bronchus. respiratory bronchiole. alveolar duct.

The respiratory membrane does not include the visceral and parietal pleura. Entry field with correct answer True False

The respiratory zone does NOT include any structures of the upper respiratory system. Entry field with correct answer True False

The internal structures of the external nose serve which of the following functions? 1. warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air 2. creating resonance 3. increasing gas exchange Entry field with correct answer 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 1, 2, and 3

The pharyngeal tonsil is found in the Entry field with correct answer nasopharynx. oropharynx. adenopharynx. laryngopharynx. hypopharynx.

Which of the following tissues lines the oropharynx? Entry field with correct answer pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium simple squamous epithelium type I and type II alveolar cells none of these choices

Unlike capillaries in the rest of the body, pulmonary capillaries vasoconstrict when localized hypoxia occurs. Entry field with correct answer True False

The perpendicular plate of ethmoid and the vomer make up the Entry field with correct answer superior concha middle concha Hard palate nasal septum maxillary sinus

Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid; it is produced by Entry field with correct answer alveolar macrophages. fibroblasts. type I alveolar cells. type II alveolar cells. goblet cells.

A mechanical ventilator may aid directly in Entry field with correct answer pulmonary ventilation. external respiration. internal respiration. pulmonary ventilation and external respiration are correct. pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration are correct.

Decreased surfactant will affect alveolar surface tension to cause decreased pulmonary ventilation, but will have no effect on lung compliance. Entry field with correct answer True False

Which of the following is considered to be a modified respiratory movement? 1. coughing 2. Valsalva maneuver 3. costal breathing Entry field with correct answer 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 are correct 1, 2, and 3 are correct

As you sit quietly reading these questions, you use the diaphragm, external intercostal, and scalene muscles. Entry field with correct answer True False

Exhalation begins when the Entry field with correct answer elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs. internal intercostal muscles contract. inspiratory muscles relax. elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs and internal intercostal muscles contract. elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs, internal intercostal muscles contract, and inspiratory muscles relax.

Which is NOT true about surfactant? Entry field with correct answer it is a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins it is made as soon as the alveoli begin to develop it interferes with hydrogen bonding between water molecules it is made by septal cells in the alveoli

Which is the correct sequence of events for inhalation? 1. pressure of the atmosphere is greater than the pressure within the thorax 2. volume of the thorax increases and the pressure within the thorax decreases 3. the diaphragm contracts 4. the phrenic nerve fires Entry field with correct answer 4, 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 3, 4 4, 3, 1, 2 1, 4, 3, 2 2, 1, 3, 4

If you were to take 10 breaths/min and inhaled about 600 mL/breath, your minute ventilation rate would be Entry field with correct answer 60 mL/min. 6 L/min. 10 mL/min. 1 L/min. 10 L/min.

Spirometry testing of a young man shows that he has a total lung capacity of 6,000 mL. What is his vital capacity? Entry field with correct answer 500 mL. 1,200 mL. 2,400 mL. 3,100 mL. 4,800 mL.

The destruction of alveoli seen in emphysema would cause a decrease in alveolar ventilation rate. Entry field with correct answer True False

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Entry field with correct answer According to Dalton's law, if the partial pressure of oxygen in the air were to decrease, the partial pressures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide would increase to compensate. According to Dalton's law, gas at a low partial pressure will remain in solution longer than if that gas were present at a higher partial pressure. According to Henry's law, little nitrogen is normally present in the blood because of the low solubility of nitrogen. All of these choices are correct. None of these choices are correct.

As you move from the top of a mountain to sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen increases because total atmospheric pressure is increasing. Entry field with correct answer True False

In external respiration __________, while __________ occurs in internal respiration. Entry field with correct answer oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.

All of the following affect the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange EXCEPT Entry field with correct answer external air temperature. partial pressure difference of the gases. surface area available for gas exchange. diffusion distance. molecular weight and solubility of the gases.

According to Henry's Law, the greater the difference in partial pressure, the faster the rate of diffusion. Entry field with correct answer True False

The chloride shift refers to the movement of chloride Entry field with correct answer into RBCs in the alveolar capillaries out from RBCs in the alveolar capillaries into RBCs in the systemic capillaries out from RBCs in the systemic capillaries

In a resting person, more oxygen molecules are attached to each hemoglobin molecule in blood in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins. Entry field with correct answer True False

All of the following statements are True EXCEPT Entry field with correct answer 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high. oxygen dissociates more readily from hemoglobin as pH decreases. increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin. decreasing temperature will cause a shift to the left in the hemoglobin saturation curve.

Hemoglobin can unload more oxygen in metabolically active tissues than in tissues at rest because Entry field with correct answer the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher. lactic and carbonic acids produced by metabolically active tissues decreases pH which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. increasing body temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. All of these choices are True. None of these choices are True.

Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin because it binds 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate less strongly. Entry field with correct answer True False

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood 1. as dissolved carbon dioxide. 2. as bicarbonate ions. 3. bound to heme. Entry field with correct answer 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 1, 2, and 3

As the amount of oxyhemoglobin decreases, the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood increases. This relationship is known as Entry field with correct answer The Bohr effect The Haldane effect Boyle's law Henry's law Dalton's law

Reduced hemoglobin can bind hydrogen ions; it is a weak base that helps resist pH changes in the blood. Entry field with correct answer True False

In the medullary rhythmicity area, the dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory area) establishes the basic rhythm of quiet breathing while the ventral respiratory group (expiratory area) remains inactive. Entry field with correct answer True False SHOW ANSWER

Signals from an active medullary respiratory center can override the signals from the pontine respiratory group which normally help in prolonged inhalation. Entry field with correct answer True False

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Entry field with correct answer The inflation reflex insures that the lungs will inflate enough during forced inhalation. A decreased blood oxygen level is the strongest physiologic trigger for increased respiration. The appropriate physiologic response to hypercapnia is hyperventilation. Prolonged, severe pain will cause eupnea. Increased activity of proprioceptors will decrease the rate and depth of ventilation.

After holding our breath briefly, what eventually forces us to take a breath? Entry field with correct answer decreasing oxygen levels. increasing oxygen levels. decreasing carbon dioxide levels. increasing carbon dioxide levels. increasing blood pH.

Peripheral chemoreceptors send information to the respiratory centers of the brain via the Entry field with correct answer phrenic nerve intercostal nerves sympathetic nerves cranial nerves V and VII none of these choices

it involves baroreceptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles stretch information is carried by the vagus nerve to the respiratory centers of the brain it prevents excessive inflation of the lungs it is important in the normal regulation of respiration all of these choices accurately describe the Hering-Breuer reflex

The abrupt increase in ventilation seen at the start of exercise is due in part to Entry field with correct answer motor impulses from the primary motor cortex. slightly decreased oxygen partial pressure. slightly increased carbon dioxide partial pressure. increased temperature. lactic acid production.

The respiratory system, along with some of the digestive system, begins as an outgrowth of the foregut. Entry field with correct answer True False

The respiratory diverticulum that gives rise to the glands of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli is derived from Entry field with correct answer ectoderm mesoderm endoderm mesenchyme none of these choices

Age-related changes in the respiratory system may cause 1.decrease in vital capacity of as much as 35% by age 70 due to decreased tissue elasticity. 2. an increased incidence of pneumonia and bronchitis because of decreased alveolar macrophage activity and ciliary action in the respiratory tract. 3. an increase in tidal volume due to damage to alveoli and decreased surfactant production. Entry field with correct answer 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 are correct 1, 2, and 3 are correct