A&P2 Chapter 16

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration? A) the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood B) the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism C) the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow D) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion E) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues by diffusion

Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A) pulmonary ventilation B) internal respiration C) respiration D) expiration E) secondary ventilation

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? A) vocalization B) heat loss C) electrolyte balance of blood D) enhancing venous return E) acid-base balance of blood

What is the primary anatomical difference that marks the dividing line between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract?

What is the significance of the respiratory membrane to facilitate gas exchange?

Why are alveoli arranged in small grape-like clusters?

What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract?

What is the function of ciliated cells in the conducting zone?

Which of the following becomes more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles)? A) type I alveolar cells B) cartilage C) goblet cells D) cilia E) smooth muscle

Which of the following is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi, becoming much less dense (and eventually absent) in the bronchioles? A) cartilage B) macrophages C) smooth muscle cells D) type II alveolar cells E) goblet cells

The transition from the conducting to the respiratory zone in the lungs occurs at the

What is the function of alveolar pores?

What are the most common cells that line the surface of the alveoli and are therefore associated with the exchange of gases within the lungs?

What is the thin barrier (0.2 µm) that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood called?

What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli?

What happens to a dust particle that is too small to fall from the inspired air and land in the alveoli?

Mycoplasma tuberculosis, the causative agent in tuberculosis, primarily infects the alveolar macrophages and is therefore very fortunate in its size. Why is this statement true?

An ex-smoker with emphysema has a pulmonary erosion into his intrapleural space. What life-threatening condition is he at imminent risk of developing?

What keeps the visceral pleura in close proximity to the parietal pleura?

The COPD called emphysema forces the afflicted to exhale through pursed lips to maintain intrabronchial backpressure, thereby preventing

Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder characterized by reversible obstruction of the airways? A) asthma B) pulmonary fibrosis C) tuberculosis D) pulmonary edema E) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to

The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs?

Which of the following occurs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure? A) Air moves out of the lung. B) Intrapleural pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure. C) Air moves into the lung. D) The lung collapses. E) The lung must be expanding.

Which of the following varies rhythmically with respiration? A) atmospheric pressure only B) intrapleural pressure only C) intra-alveolar pressure only D) both intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure E) both atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure

The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure is

Which of the following is a measure of the distending force across the lungs? A) intrapleural pressure B) atmospheric pressure C) transpulmonary pressure D) intra-alveolar pressure E) difference between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure

Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to which of the following? A) air moving into the lungs B) restrictive pulmonary disease C) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D) a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse) E) air moving out of the lungs

What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths)?

Which of the following is TRUE when the lung volume is equal to the functional residual capacity? A) Intra-alveolar pressure is less than intrapleural pressure. B) The elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall. C) Intrapleural pressure is zero. D) Intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. E) Intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.

As the lungs expand, intra-alveolar pressure ________ and air moves ________ the lungs.

As the volume of the lung increases, atmospheric pressure

What does contraction of the diaphragm cause?

What are the primary inspiratory muscles?

The muscles of respiration are

As the volume of the chest wall increases, the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n)

At rest, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.

Which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration? A) intra-alveolar pressure only B) transpulmonary pressure only C) intrapleural pressure only D) both intra-alveolar and transpulmonary pressures E) both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures

The compliance of the lungs can be determined by measuring the change in ________ for a given change in ________.

The compliance of the lung is determined by the elasticity of the lung and

The surface tension of the alveolus is reduced by surfactants produced by what type of cells?

Which of the following is NOT involved in altering the resistance of the airway to air movement?

How do tractive forces affect the airways during inspiration?

Which of the following is responsible for changes in airway resistance that occur in a single breath? A) passive forces exerted on the airways B) contractility of smooth muscle cells C) sensitivity of smooth muscle cells to allergens D) autonomic nervous system E) surrounding atmospheric pressure

Which of the following chemicals will NOT result in a decrease in airway resistance? A) norepinephrine B) histamine C) bronchodilators D) epinephrine E) carbon dioxide

Which of the following is NOT part of the response of an airway to specific allergens that initiate an asthmatic response? A) increased airway resistance B) increased inflammatory response C) increased secretion of mucus D) increased release of corticosteroids E) increased histamine release

What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?

A(n) ________ is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow.

What is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing called?

The presence of a negative intrapleural pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for which of the following?

The tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume together make up which of the following?

Functional residual capacity is comprised of which of the following? A) tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume B) vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume only C) residual volume and expiratory reserve volume only D) tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume only E) tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume only

Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer? A) inspiratory capacity B) tidal volume C) inspiratory reserve volume D) vital capacity E) residual volume

A normal tidal volume at rest is approximately ________ mL

A normal vital capacity is approximately ________ mL

A healthy person can normally exhale what percentage of his or her vital capacity in one second?

In an obstructive disease, the lungs can become overinflated because the difficulty in ________ tends to ________.

A decrease in ________ is indicative of a restrictive pulmonary disease

A decrease in ________ is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease.

What is the term for the volume of air moved into the lungs every minute?

What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone each minute?

What is the volume of the respiratory pathway that is NOT able to exchange gases (conducting pathway) called?

What happens to the inner diameter of the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

What happens to the amount of cartilage in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

What happens to the amount of cilia lining the inner walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

What happens to the number of goblet cells found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

What happens to the amount of smooth muscle found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

Which cells secrete surfactant?

Which cells secrete mucus?

Which cells form the mucus escalator?

Which cells engulf foreign particles that reach the lungs?

Which cells form the lung tissue component of the respiratory membrane?

Which pressure is created by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall?

Which pressure is constant during the respiratory cycle?

Which pressure is the distending force on the lungs?

Which of the following has the difference between its pressure and atmospheric pressure driving the air into and out of the lungs? A) intra-alveolar pressure B) intrapleural pressure C) transpulmonary pressure D) atmospheric pressure E) rebound pressure (elastic recoil)

Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration but is always negative?

Which pressure equals atmospheric pressure during a pneumothorax, causing the lungs to collapse?

Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration from a negative value during inspiration and a positive value during expiration?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximum expiration is called

The volume of air exchanged with the environment during an unforced breath is called

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting inspiration is called

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting expiration is called

The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration is called

The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a resting expiration is called

The volume of air in the lungs following a maximum inspiration is called

The volume of air in the lungs at rest, between breaths, is called

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume is called

What is the residual volume + expiratory reserve volume called?

What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume called?

What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume called?

The intra-alveolar pressure is determined by what two factors?

What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

Internal respiration refers to the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by cells.

The upper airway refers to the passageway for air that is located within the head and neck.

The bronchus diverges into two lobes, the left and right lungs.

The trachea rhythmically collapses and expands during the respiratory cycle.

The conducting zone adjusts the temperature and humidity of the air entering the respiratory tract.

The mucus escalator involves cilia causing movement of mucus with its trapped particles toward the alveoli where the particles can be engulfed by alveolar macrophages.

Air flows between alveoli through pores.

Alveolar macrophages function to engulf pathogens and foreign particles that have been inhaled into the lungs.

Intrapleural fluid is incompressible, which means that its volume does not change even as the chest wall expands and contracts as one breathes.

The elasticity of the lungs facilitates expansion during inspiration.

The force that moves air into and out of the lungs is the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and alveolus.

The distending pressure across the lungs is the intrapleural pressure.

Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between intra-alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure.

The lung is expanded during inspiration by the transpulmonary pressure that pulls on the lung as the chest wall expands.

The decrease in transpulmonary pressure during expiration reduces the distending forces on the airways.

Residual volume can be measured because the lungs are able to collapse under experimental conditions.

Obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by an interference with the expansion of the lungs.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes bronchodilation.

It is more efficient to increase alveolar ventilation by increasing tidal volume than by increasing respiration rate.

During expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure decreases, causing air to move out of the lungs.