T or F: External respiration involves the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
answer
True
question
Classify the airflow factors on whether they would have an effect on resistance or pressure gradient.
- P alv
- Bronchiole diameter
- P atm
- Surface tension
- Chest wall elasticity
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group.
1. Inspiration changes
2. Expiration changes
- air movement out of the lungs
- contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostals
- alveolar volume increases and pressure decreases
- pleural cavity volume decreases and pressure increases
- air movement into the lungs
- pleural cavity volume increases and pressure decreases
- relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals
- alveolar volume decreases and pressure increases
answer
1. Inspiration changes
- contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostals
- alveolar volume increases and pressure decreases
- air movement into the lungs
- pleural cavity volume increases and pressure decreases
2. Expiration changes
- air movement out of the lungs
- alveolar volume decreases and pressure increases
- relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals
- pleural cavity volume decreases and pressure increases
question
T or F: Hemoglobin is able to transport carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions at the same time without affecting each other.
answer
False
question
Each hemoglobin molecule can bind a maximum of _______ oxygen molecules.
answer
four
question
This ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow is called
answer
ventilation-perfusion coupling
question
T or F: Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility coefficient of the gas.
answer
true
question
T or F: The P(O2) is lower in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere, and the P(CO2) is higher in the alveoli than it is in the atmosphere.
answer
true
question
During systemic gas exchange blood P(O2)
answer
decreases from 95 to 40 mmHg
question
Gases move between the blood and tissue cells of the body during _______ gas exchange.
answer
systemic
question
The control of breathing muscles comes from
answer
nuclei in the brainstem and the cerebral cortex
question
Classify the items into the correct category.
1. Alveolar gas exchange
2. Systemic gas exchange
- Blood P(CO2) increases from 40 to 45 mmHg
- Blood P(O2) decreases from 95 to 40 mmHg
- Exchange of respiratory gases between tissue cells and blood in systemic capillaries
- Blood P(CO2) decreases from 45 to 40mmHg
- Blood P(O2) increases from 40 to 104mmHg
- Exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli in lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries
answer
1. Alveolar gas exchange
- Exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli in lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries
- Blood P(O2) increases from 40 to 104mmHg
- Blood P(CO2) decreases from 45 to 40mmHg
2. Systemic gas exchange
- Exchange of respiratory gases between tissue cells and blood in systemic capillaries
- Blood P(O2) decreases from 95 to 40 mmHg
- Blood P(CO2) increases from 40 to 45 mmHg
question
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) can also be described as
answer
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
question
Put the processes of gas exchange into the correct order, beginning with inhalation.
- The lungs exhale carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- Cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product.
- Blood transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
- Air is drawn into the lungs.
- Oxygen is transported to body cells by blood.
answer
1. Air is drawn into the lungs.
2. Oxygen is transported to body cells by blood.
3. Cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product.
4. Blood transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
5. The lungs exhale carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
question
The greatest amount of air that can be taken into, and then expelled from, the lungs in 1 minute is
answer
maximum voluntary ventilation
question
T or F: As the lungs expand while breathing, the pressure in the lungs decreases.
Classify the items based upon how they will affect the level of oxyhemoglobin.
1. Decreases Oxyhemoglobin Levels
2. Increases Oxyhemoglobin Levels
- increased temperature
- decreased P(CO2)
- heavy exercise
- increased P(O2)
- decreased pH
The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
answer
as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
question
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin is referred to as _______.
answer
oxyhemoglobin
question
Both elasticity of the chest wall and lung and surface tension determine _______, the ease with which the lungs and chest wall expand.
answer
compliance
question
T or F: The alveoli never attain equal pressure with the ambient (outside) air.
answer
false
question
If P1 and V1 represent the initial conditions, and P2 and V2 represent the changed conditions for pressure and volume, Boyle's law would state:
answer
P1V1 = P2V2
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T or F: When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs.
answer
True
question
T or F: Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container decreases, and vice versa.
answer
false
question
The partial pressures of gases in cells of systemic tissues result from
answer
cellular respiration.
question
Which of these events lead to increased airflow and which lead to decreased airflow?
1. decreased airflow
2. increased airflow
- aerobic exercise
- breathing sub-zero air
- scar tissue from TB
- bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma
- decreased levels of surfactant
- an anaphylactic reaction caused by a bee sting
answer
1. decreased airflow
- breathing sub-zero air
- scar tissue from TB
- an anaphylactic reaction caused by a bee sting
- decreased levels of surfactant
2. increased airflow
- aerobic exercise
- bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma
question
During inhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________; during exhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________.
answer
becomes larger; returns to its original size
question
Classify the definition or example with the appropriate gas law.
1. Henry's Law
2. Dalton's Law
3.Boyle's Law
- P1V1 = P2V2
- total pressure x percentage of gas = partial pressure of that gas
- the partial pressure of a gas is the driving force to move into a liquid
- illustrates the relationship between partial pressure and total pressure of gases
- gases vary in their solubility in water
- volume and pressure are inversely related
- P(N2) + p(O2) + p(CO2) + p(H2O) = 760 mmHg
answer
1. Henry's law
- the partial pressure of a gas is the driving force to move into a liquid
- gases vary in their solubility in water
2. Boyle's Law
- volume and pressure are inversely related
- P1V1 = P2V2
3. Dalton's Law
- total pressure x percentage of gas = partial pressure of that gas
- P(N2) + p(O2) + p(CO2) + p(H2O) = 760 mmHg
- illustrates the relationship between partial pressure and total pressure of gases
question
Airflow is a function of what two factors?
answer
Pressure gradient and resistance
question
T or F: Gases diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
answer
true
question
During quiet breathing, about two-thirds of the thoracic cavity volume change comes from contraction/movement of the _______, and one-third comes from external intercostal movement.
answer
diaphragm
question
T or F: If a partial pressure gradient exists between two regions for a given gas, then the gas moves from the region of its lower partial pressure to the region of its higher partial pressure.
answer
false
question
During alveolar gas exchange, blood P(CO2)
answer
decreases from 45 to 40 mm Hg.
question
Axons from lower motor neurons extend from the spinal cord and form both the _______ nerves that innervate the diaphragm and intercostal nerves that innervate the intercostal muscles.
answer
phrenic
question
T or F: Gases diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
answer
true
question
T or F: The respiratory center is composed of the medullary respiratory center and the pontine respiratory center.
answer
true
question
Change in the _______ of breathing is accomplished by altering the amount of time spent in both inspiration and expiration, whereas altering the _______ of breathing is accomplished through stimulation of accessory muscles, which results in greater thoracic volume changes.
answer
rate
depth
question
T or F: Oxygen diffuses across the respiratory membrane from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O2) partial pressure gradient.
answer
true
question
T or F: As a volume of a gas increases, the number of molecules of that gas that collide with the walls of the container decreases.
answer
true
question
Which of the following events increase respiration and which decrease respiration?
1. Decreases Respiration
2. Increases Respiration
- Stimulation of pain receptors
- Stimulation of proprioceptors in skeletal muscles
- Activation of irritant receptors in the airway
- Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group
- A decrease in pH of the CSF
- Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
answer
1. Decreases Respiration
- Activation of irritant receptors in the airway
- Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
2. Increases Respiration
- Stimulation of pain receptors
- Stimulation of proprioceptors in skeletal muscles
- Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group
- A decrease in pH of the CSF
question
Match the area and gas with the correct partial pressure.
1. Alveolar P(CO2)
2.Alveolar P(O2)
3. Systemic P(CO2)
- 45mmHg
- 40mmHg
- 104mmHg
The volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs can be measured with an instrument called a _______.
answer
spirometer
question
T or F: Total lung capacity can be calculated as: vital capacity + residual volume.
answer
true
question
T or F: The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is carried from the tissue cells to the lungs attached to the globin portion of hemoglobin.
answer
False
question
The amount of air that is moved between the atmosphere and alveoli in 1 minute is
answer
pulmonary ventilation
question
Classify the values with the appropriate respiratory volume.
1. Tidal Volume
2. Residual Volume
3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
4. Expiratory Reserve Volume
- 1200 mL in males
- 500 mL in males
- 3100 mL in males
- 1900 Ml in females
- 1100 Ml in females
- 700 mL in females
- 500 mL in females
answer
1. Tidal Volume
- 500 mL in males
- 500 mL in females
2. Residual Volume
- 1100 Ml in females
3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- 3100 mL in males
- 1900 Ml in females
4. Expiratory Reserve Volume
- 1200 mL in males
- 700 mL in females
question
Classify the terms with the appropriate group.
1. Increased Oxygen Release from Hemoglobin
2. Increased Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin
- increased body temp
- decrease in altitude
- H+ binding to hemoglobin
- presence of 2,3-BPG
- increased atmospheric pressure
- binding of CO2 to hemoglobin
answer
1. Increased Oxygen Release from Hemoglobin
- increased body temp
- H+ binding to hemoglobin
- presence of 2,3-BPG
- binding of CO2 to hemoglobin
2. Increased Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin
- increased atmospheric pressure
- decrease in altitude
question
Place these respiratory events in the correct order from beginning to end.
- gas transport of oxygen occurs within the blood from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body
- oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into th eblood of pulmonary capillaries during alveolar gas exchange
- CO2 is transported within the blood from tissue cells to the lungs
- CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into th eblood within systemic capillaries during systemic gas exchange
- CO2 difusses from the blood within the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli during the inspiratory phase of pulmonary ventilation
- O2 diffuses from the blood within the systemic capillaries into the tissue cells during systemic gas exchange
- air containing CO2 is then exhaled from the alveoli into the atmosphere during the expiratory phase of pulmonary ventilation
- air containing O2 is inhaled into the alveoli during inspiratory pulmonary ventilation
answer
1. Air containing O2 is inhaled into the alveoli during inspiratory pulmonary ventilation
2. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into the blood of pulmonary capillaries during alveolar gas exchange.
3. Gas transport of oxygen occurs within the blood from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body.
4. Oxygen diffuses from the blood within the systemic capillaries into the tissue cells during systemic gas exchange.
In contrast, the net movement of carbon dioxide is from the tissue cells to the atmosphere; the reverse order for the net movement of oxygen:
5. Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells into the blood within systemic capillaries during systemic gas exchange..
6. Carbon dioxide is transported within the blood from tissue cells to the lungs.
7. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood within the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli during alveolar gas exchange.
8. Air containing carbon dioxide is then exhaled from the alveoli into the atmosphere during the expiratory phase of pulmonary ventilation.
question
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases and is measured in mm Hg is _______ pressure.
answer
partial
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