Ch. 23 Respiratory System (2)

Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange? a) Partial pressure difference of gases b) surface are availability for gas exchange c) Diffusion distance d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases e) All of these are factors that determine the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange.

Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea? a) Arytenoid cartilage b) Epiglottis c) Nasopharynx d) Thyroid cartilage e) Paranasal sinus

The gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation is a) Boyle's law b) Charles' law c) Henry's law d) The inhalation law e) The law of partial pressure

Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site? a) Trachea b) Bronchiole c) Nasal sinuses d) Alveolus e) Bronchus

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? a) stratified squamous epithelium b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells c) simple squamous epithelium d) hyaline cartilage e) columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

Which of the following are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant? a) Type I alveolar cells b) Type II alveolar cells c) Type III alveolar cells d) Surface cells e) Macrophages

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation? a) Lung compliance b) Suface tension of alveolar fluid c) Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs d) Airway resistance e) All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following indicates the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs? a) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood b) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood c) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood d) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood

Exhalation begins when a) Inspiratory muscles relax b) Diaphragm contracts c) Blood circulation is the lowest d) Both Inspiratory muscles relax and Diaphragm contracts e) All of these choices

Which of the following is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume? a) Total lung capacity b) Functional residual capacity c) Inspiratory capacity d) Vital capacity e) Minimal volume

Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? a) Partial pressure difference of the gases b) Surface area for gas exchange c) Diffusion distance d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases e) Force of contraction of diaphragm

Which of the following is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? a) Bound to hemoglobin b) Bound to oxygen c) Dissolved in plasma as a gas d) Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions e) Diffusion

When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin _____ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells _____. a) Increases, increases b) Increases, decreases c) Decreases, increases d) Decreases, decreases e) Does not change, does not change

Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? a) pH of blood b) Partial pressure of the oxygen c) Amount of oxygen available d) Temperature e) Respiratory rate

Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration.

Why is epinephrine injected as a treatment for the respiratory signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Describe the neural, chemical, and physical changes that increase the rate and depth of ventilation during exercise.

In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration.

Normal quiet breathing is controlled by the a) Pontine respiratory group b) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group c) Medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group d) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group and medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group e) all of these

Which of the following is a forced exhalation against the closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating? a) sobbing b) coughing c) crying d) hiccupping e) Valsalva maneuver

Where is the rhythmicity center for respiration? a) in the medulla b) in the pons c) in the cerebrum d) in the hypothalamus e) in the cerebellum

With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids? a) muscular b) digestive c) nervous d) endocrine e) urinary

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems have all of the following functions in common EXCEPT 1. transport of gases. 2. exchange of gases 3. maintenance of blood pH a.) 1 only b.) 2 only c.) 3 only d.) 1 and 2 e.) 1,2, and 3

Some structures in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts serve as sites for gas diffusion. a.) True b.) False

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a.) According to Dalton's law, if the partial pressure of oxygen in the air were to decrease, the partial pressures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide would increase to compensate. b.) According to Dalton's law, gas at a low partial pressure will remain in solution longer than if that gas were present at a higher partial pressure. c.) According to Henry's law, little nitrogen is normally present in the blood because of the low solubility of nitrogen. d.) All of these choices are correct. e.) None of these choices are correct.

Decreased surfactant will affect alveolar surface tension to cause decreased pulmonary ventilation, but will have no effect on lung compliance. (a) true (b) false

As you move from the top of a mountain to sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen increases because total atmospheric pressure is increasing. a.) True b.) False

In external respiration __________, while __________ occurs in internal respiration. (a) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. (b) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. (c) carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. (d) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries. (e) oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.

All of the following affect the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange EXCEPT (a) external air temperature. (b) partial pressure difference of the gases. (c) surface area available for gas exchange. (d) diffusion distance. (e) molecular weight and solubility of the gases.

In a resting person, more oxygen molecules are attached to each hemoglobin molecule in blood in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins. a.) True b.) False

All of the following statements are True EXCEPT (a) 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. (b) hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high. (c) oxygen dissociates more readily from hemoglobin as pH decreases. (d) increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin. (e) decreasing temperature will cause a shift to the left in the hemoglobin saturation curve.

Hemoglobin can unload more oxygen in metabolically active tissues than in tissues at rest because (a) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher. (b) lactic and carbonic acids produced by metabolically active tissues decreases pH which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. (c) increasing body temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. (d) All of these choices are True. (e) None of these choices are True.

In the medullary rhythmicity area, the dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory area) establishes the basic rhythm of quiet breathing while the ventral respiratory group (expiratory area) remains inactive. (a) true (b) false

The internal structures of the external nose serve which of the following functions? 1. warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air 2. creating resonance 3. increasing gas exchange (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 3 only (D) 1 and 2 (E) 1, 2, and 3

Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid; it is produced by (a) alveolar macrophages. (b) fibroblasts. (c) type I alveolar cells. (d) type II alveolar cells. (e) goblet cells.

Exhalation begins when the (a) elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs. (b) internal intercostal muscles contract. (c) inspiratory muscles relax. (d) elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs and internal intercostal muscles contract. (e) elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs occurs, internal intercostal muscles contract, and inspiratory muscles relax.

According to Henry's Law, the greater the difference in partial pressure, the faster the rate of diffusion. (a) true (b) false

Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin because it binds 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate less strongly. a.) True b.) False

Which is the correct sequence of events for inhalation? 1. pressure of the atmosphere is greater than the pressure within the thorax 2. volume of the thorax increases and the pressure within the thorax decreases 3. the diaphragm contracts 4. the phrenic nerve fires a.) 4, 3, 2, 1 b.) 1, 2, 3, 4 c.) 4, 3, 1, 2 d.) 1, 4, 3, 2 e.) 2, 1, 3, 4

The chloride shift refers to the movement of chloride a.) into RBCs in the alveolar capillaries b.) out from RBCs in the alveolar capillaries c.) into RBCs in the systemic capillaries d.) out from RBCs in the systemic capillaries

Unlike capillaries in the rest of the body, pulmonary capillaries vasoconstrict when localized hypoxia occurs. a.) True b.) False

What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory system? a.) The conducting zone exchanges gases between the lungs and the alveoli and the respiratory zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the conducting zone. b.) The conducting zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the respiratory zone where gases exchange with the bloodstream. c.) The conducting zone moves oxygen into the cells and the respiratory zone takes carbon dioxide away from the cells. d.) The conducting zone moves oxygen into the bloodstream and the respiratory zone takes carbon dioxide away from the bloodstream.

The three basic steps of respiration are pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration. a.) True b.) False

Gas exchange occurs in the conducting zone. a.) True b.) False

Which of the following statements is correct? a.) Pulmonary ventilation involves air exchange between the atmosphere and lungs. b.) External respiration involves exchange of air across the respiratory membrane. c.) Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the blood and cells. d.) All of these statements are correct.

Forceful inhalation involves the sternocleidomastoids, scalene and pectoralis minor muscles as well as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. a.) True b.) False

Dalton's law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure independent of the other gases in the mixture while Henry's law states that the amount of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is inversely proportional to its partial pressure and solubility in the liquid. a.) True b.) False

With increasing altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen increases. a.) True b.) False

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? a.) In internal and external respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from areas of lower partial pressure to areas of higher partial pressure. b.) External respiration involves exchange of gases between the alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries. c.) Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between systemic blood capillaries and tissue cells. d.) None of these statements is incorrect.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? (a) According to Dalton's law, if the partial pressure of oxygen in the air were to decrease, the partial pressures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide would increase to compensate. (b) According to Dalton's law, gas at a low partial pressure will remain in solution longer than if that gas were present at a higher partial pressure. (c) According to Henry's law, little nitrogen is normally present in the blood because of the low solubility of nitrogen. (d) All of these choices are correct. (e) None of these choices are correct.

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood 1. as dissolved carbon dioxide. 2. as bicarbonate ions. 3. bound to heme. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 2 (e) 1, 2, and 3

As the amount of oxyhemoglobin decreases, the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood increases. This relationship is known as (a) The Bohr effect (b) The Haldane effect (c) Boyle's law (d) Henry's law (e) Dalton's law