APUSH ID Terms Chapter 15

Who: President Abraham Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson, Senator Benjamin Wade, Representative Henry Winter Davis What: Reconstruction was an attempt to achieve national reunification and reconciliation after the civil war and improve the status of former slaves. Where: The United States of America, especially the South When: 1863-1877 Why: The Reconstruction was critical in rebuilding the South after the devastating Civil war, and essential in ensuring the freedom of all African Americans. PERTS: Political -Reconstruction was important as it ensured that the South would reenter the Union, rebalancing the Congress and electoral college in the United States.

What: The Black Codes were sets of laws enacted across the Southern United States designed to give whites control over the former slaves. Some of the codes allowed whites to fine them and them loan them to repay the fine, essentially slavery all over again. Some also forbade blacks from owning land or take non-slaveryesque lives. Congress responded by creating the Freedmen's Bureau. Where: The Southern United States When: 1866-1886 Why: The Black Codes were a major setback to the Abolitionist movement, but were the reason for the creation of the Freedmen's Bureau and the passage of the Civil Rights Act. PERTS: Social -Though technically free men, the Black Codes kept slaves in a life similar to slavery.

What: Booker T. Washington worked to improve the status of African Americans by encouraging them to work hard and get a good education. He wanted them to adapt to the whites and adopt the standards of the middle class. He also founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for African American education. Where: The United States of America When: Late 1800s-Early 1900s Why: Booker T. Washington helped to raise the status of African Americans and adapt to their new freedom. PERTS: Social -Washington helped to raise the social status of freed blacks in the United States and truly break the chains of slavery.

What: Northerners who moved south, there were two types of people, those legitimately wanting to help with reconstruction and abolition, and those wanting to exploit the south for money Where: Southern United States When: Mid-Late 1800s Why: Carpetbaggers helped to balance out the political population in the South and assist with reconstruction efforts. PERTS: Social -Carpetbaggers helped to balance out the political and social population in the Southern United States.

Who: President Rutherford B. Hayes, Sam Tilden What: The Compromise of 1877 withdrew the remaining federal troops from the South, in exchange for Hayes and the republicans winning the presidency. The Compromise also gave the South money for internal improvements. Where: The United States of America When: Late 1800s Why: The Compromise effectively ended the Reconstruction era, but gave the Republicans the presidency. PERTS: Political -The Compromise gave the Republicans the presidency, but also signaled the resurgence of the Democrats and politics in the South

Who: General Oliver Howard What: The Freedmen's Bureau ensured that the slaves were freed and weren't abused. In addition, the Bureau helped the newly freed blacks adapt to their new freedom and join the middle class as fully functioning members of society, free of their chains. Where: The Southern United States of America When: Mid 1800s-Early 1900s Why: The Bureau helped the newly freed blacks become fully functioning members of Society and complete their potential. This also set a precedent of the government establishing welfare programs in the United States. PERTS: Social -The Freedmen's Bureau helped newly freed blacks raise their social status and adapt to their newfound freedom.

What: The Jim Crow Laws were sets of laws that segregated the African Americans from the Whites. The legitimacy of such laws was validated by Plessy v. Ferguson. Some of these laws effectively banned blacks from voting, and allowed violence against blacks. Where: The Southern United States When: Late 1800s-Mid 1900s Why: The Jim Crow Laws would keep African Americans from achieving their full potential and inspire the Civil Rights Movement. PERTS: Social -The Jim Crow Laws kept the newly emancipated blacks from being equal to their fellow whites in just about any way.

Who: Homer Adolph Plessy, John Howard Ferguson What: Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court case which supported Jim Crow Laws and segregation through the idea of "separate but equal" to validate segregation. It was later overturned by Brown v Board of Education of Topeka. Where: The United States of America When: Late 1800s-Mid 1900s Why: Plessy v. Ferguson validated segregation and effectively ignored the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. PERTS: Social -This case gave way to segregation being legitimized which would prevent the newly freed African Americans and the whites from being social equals.

What: Scalawags were poor Southern farmers that supported the Republicans because they had the best chance of helping them, not so much because of Civil Rights. Where: The Southern United States of America When: Late 1800s-Early 1900s Why: The Scalawags helped to balance out the political population in the South PERTS: Political -The Scalawags were a class that supported the "wrong" political party, helping to balance out the political population in the South, giving the Republicans a fighting chance.

Who: Senator Benjamin Wade, Representative Henry Winter Davis What: The Wade-Davis Bill was the harshest of the plans for Reconstruction and severely punished the South for their secession. Where: The Southern United States When: Late 1800s-Early 1900s Why: The Wade-Davis Bill, though it wouldn't pass, would have a great influence on the Johnson bill which was used for reconstruction. PERTS: Political -The Wade-Davis Bill was a legislative, political plan for reconstruction.

Who: President Grant What: Credit Mobilier was a scandal in the Grant Administration in which a French construction company that was helping to build the Transatlantic Railroad. Congress investigated the the company costing the United States millions, but the investigations stopped when Mobilier gave congress stock in the company. Where: The United States of America When: Mid-Late 1800s Why: The Credit Mobilier Scandal was one of the many scandals that rocked the Grant administration and left them with a bad reputation. PERTS: Political -The Credit Mobilier Scandal was a political scandal about a problem in the Federal budget that was investigated by Congress.