Unit 4: Westward Expansion

cross the Appalachian Mountains. travel down the Atlantic coast. explore the southern Mississippi River. fight the Seminole in Florida.

The US government illegally forced American Indians to move off their lands. The US government appealed the decision and won a ruling in its favor. The US government tried to purchase Cherokee territory for a steep price. The US government pressured tribes into signing treaties accepting removal.

The act helped relocate eastern American Indians to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. The act removed territory from the Cherokee and auctioned it off to prospectors. The act created a constitution for the five tribes that had been removed to Indian Territory. The act relocated American Indians west to Indian Territory east of the Mississippi River.

a Shawnee leader who led American Indian resistance to US settlement in the Ohio River Valley a Miami chieftain whose troops defeated US forces in 1791 in a border war along the Ohio River a Creek leader who was defeated by Andrew Jackson and his army at Horseshoe Bend a Seminole leader who tried to protect runaway enslaved people who were living among the Seminole

were living side by side with settlers in peace. had moved east to the Atlantic coast. had been defeated by the US military. had won most battles against the US military.

Prospectors wanted to mine for gold on Cherokee territory. Georgians wanted to set up cotton plantations on the land. The Cherokee were harboring runaway enslaved people. American settlers had begun to cross the Appalachians.

enabled the United States to acquire Oregon Country. gave much of present-day Ohio to the United States. ended American settlement in the Ohio River Valley. established a confederacy of American Indian tribes.

Kentucky. the Northwest. the Southwest. Florida.

states could impose their laws on and negotiate with American Indian tribes. only the federal government could negotiate treaties with American Indians. American Indian tribes were not sovereign nations and could not file suits. American Indian tribes must accept any treaty offered by the US government.

Andrew Jackson Daniel Boone Little Turtle William Henry Harrison

the California Trail. the Mormon Trail. the Oregon Trail. the Santa Fe Trail.

was a massive undertaking that would be difficult to accomplish. was threatening to trample American settlers who were living in the West. was likely to promote harmony and friendship with American Indians. was likely to bring technology and civilization to territory in the West.

1 mile 5 miles 10 miles 15 miles

would prevent a war with nations that claimed territory in North America. was less important than developing existing territory in the United States. would boost the American economy and open up economic opportunities. would prevent hostilities with American Indian tribes that lived in the West.

the exposure to harsh weather the threat of deadly diseases the danger of crossing difficult terrain the problem of fenced-off land

summer rainstorms and difficult terrain. rugged mountains and steep passes. summer rainstorms and rugged mountains. steep passes and difficult terrain.

Desert sands became difficult to cross. Wagon trains scared away wild game. Rainstorms turned trails into mud. The pace of travel became extremely slow.

Plows needed for gold and silver mines destroyed native grasses. The cutting down of timber for gold and silver mines led to a decrease in forests. Debris from gold and silver mines polluted the supplies of drinking water. Fences needed for gold and silver mines limited the movement of wild game.

Oregon Country. the Republic of Texas. Disputed Territory. the Republic of Mexico.

traveling across the desert crossing the Great Plains dealing with Apache attacks being exposed to the harsh sun

a policy favoring native-born Americans over immigrants an interest in learning about the native cultures of immigrants a regional policy of maintaining traditional economic systems a practice in most factories of hiring only native-born Americans

Many factory laborers left cities to work in far away, rural areas due to improvements in transportation. Improved transportation led to the development of many new factories in the south and the west. People in cities often made more money as they took on skilled positions in manufacturing and transportation. Cities became overcrowded as more and more people traveled to the north, looking for factory work.

immigrants made up a large part of the population. new residents found it easy to assimilate into American culture. neighborhoods were emptying as people moved to the country. transportation could not keep up with the demands of industrialization.

Members of the Know-Nothing Party thought immigrants should learn how to speak English before voting. Members of the Know-Nothing Party believed immigrants were undermining American society. Members of the Know-Nothing Party wanted immigrants to become full-fledged citizens before voting. Members of the Know-Nothing Party felt immigrants should study American laws and government before voting.

hundreds of thousands of French people came to the United States. over 1 million Americans died from starvation and disease. hundreds of thousands of Irish people came to the United States. over 1 million Spanish people died from starvation and disease.

The water used to power machinery was contaminated and made workers ill. Accidents with machinery were common and frequently resulted in injury. There were no daycare facilities, so children were often present and unsupervised. Medical facilities were few, so it was difficult to locate a doctor when an accident occurred.

factory owners wanted to help entire families earn a better living. most male laborers had left the cities to move to rural areas. machines could now do the heavy labor formerly done by men. most men stopped working in factories to labor on farms.

Lucy Larcom Cyrus McCormick Samuel Slater Eli Whitney

had much in common with them. deserved better working conditions. could not fit into American society. should be better integrated into US society.

Germany. Ireland. France. Britain.

Innovations in agricultural technology increased cotton production, meaning Southern plantations needed more enslaved workers. Innovations in agricultural technology meant that fewer workers were needed on Southern plantations, decreasing demand for enslaved workers. Innovations in manufacturing technology increased production in Southern factories, resulting in immigrants working alongside enslaved workers. Innovations in manufacturing technology raised the output of industry in the North, resulting in an increased use of enslaved workers.

most Southern farmers had enslaved workers. most plantations had fifty or more enslaved workers. about a quarter of Southerners had no enslaved workers. about a quarter of Southerners had enslaved workers.

Enslaved workers tended factory machinery, which helped the South's manufacturing-based economy. Enslaved workers harvested crops on plantations, which helped the South's agriculture-based economy. The use of enslaved workers allowed white Southerners to follow the Southern Code, which promoted manufacturing. The use of enslaved workers led to the creation of corporations in which Southerners could invest.

and as a result free African Americans in the North were treated worse than enslaved African Americans in the South. because they owned large plantations where they cultivated cotton, which was a major cash crop in the South. because enslaved workers did work that was not considered "ladylike" or "gentlemanly." and as a result most of them did not have enslaved workers and disagreed with the practice of slavery.

It planted cotton seeds in neat rows for cultivation. It picked cotton without damaging the cotton plants. It separated the seeds from the cotton plant quickly. It packed cotton fiber into bales for shipment to mills.

the belief that Northern abolitionists must help runaway enslaved people the belief that Southern slave owners took care of enslaved workers the belief that slavery was necessary to the Southern way of life the belief that slavery was wrong and should be abolished

by relying on enslaved workers rather than new technology by hiring more and more unskilled immigrants as demand grew by increasing the number of enslaved workers and using the cotton gin by using the cotton gin and creating corporations to reduce risk

Although the cotton gin affected the tasks performed by enslaved workers, the number of workers needed remained constant. Although the cotton gin did not alter the tasks performed by enslaved workers, the number of workers sharply increased. Because the cotton gin was so efficient, plantation owners needed fewer enslaved workers to produce cotton. Because the cotton gin processed cotton so quickly, farmers needed increasing numbers of enslaved workers.

Corporations allowed investment without risk of personal property, fueling the growth of new businesses. Corporations enabled factories to hire large numbers of unskilled workers who worked long hours for low wages. Corporations changed how goods were made, bringing in innovations like mass production. Corporations suppressed the development of an industrial economy in the Southern states.

Cotton gin

a Massachusetts senator who was antislavery but supported compromise. a two-time vice president who supported slavery and states' rights. a great speaker who was nicknamed the "Great Compromiser." a president who declared that nullification was a form of treason.

in support of the Congressional Force Bill. in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts. in opposition to the Tariff of 1828. in support of the Missouri Compromise.

sectionalism succession federalism nullification

compromise. states' rights. sectionalism. federalism.

a strong loyalty to a state or region, sometimes at the expense of a nation the idea that states have powers separate from the federal government the idea that a state could refuse to follow a federal law it disagreed with a system that divides power between national and state governments

Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun Henry Clay and Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay Daniel Webster and Andrew Jackson

placed tariffs on Southern goods to benefit people in the North. placed tariffs on foreign imports to build roads and infrastructure. was a compromise that brought the Nullification Crisis to an end. lowered prices for imports, which became cheaper than American goods.

he disagreed with slavery but supported compromise he declared nullification a form of treason he worked to create a system to improve the economy he supported slavery, sectionalism, and states' rights

the passage of a congressional bill giving the president the power to collect taxes by force. the immediate elimination of all tariffs and a federal declaration that nullification was constitutional. the passage of a congressional bill removing the power of the president to collect taxes by force. the federal elimination of the Tariff of 1828 and a gradual reduction on import taxes over a decade.

Massachusetts claimed the right to impose tariffs on South Carolina, Congress supported that right, and President Jackson sent federal troops to enforce it. South Carolina claimed that the Tenth Amendment did not support nullification, Congress passed the Force Bill, and Calhoun crafted a compromise. South Carolina claimed the right of nullification, Congress gave President Jackson the authority to fight it, and Clay authorized a way to settle the dispute. Massachusetts claimed that states had the right to fight tariffs, Jackson equated nullification to treason, and Webster proposed a compromise.

more American colonists settling in Texas. stopping Americans from settling in Texas. banning all forms of slavery in Texas. granting Texas independence from Mexico.

As the US expanded, there needed to be a balance of power between the North and the South, which led to the Missouri Compromise. As the US expanded, slavery would be necessary to encourage agricultural growth, which led to the Missouri Compromise. As the US expanded, Northern and Southern states sought a way to eliminate their differences, which led to the Missouri Compromise. As the US expanded, there needed to be a way to prevent territories from becoming states to avoid conflict, which led to the Missouri Compromise.

Mexico decided to grant Texas its independence to stop the annexation. the United States gained debt and border problems that Texas already had. there were no more disputes over the balance of slave states and free states. Mexico settled its border dispute with Texas to avoid a war with the US.

Houston thought Texas should stay independent. Houston believed Texas should re-join Mexico. Houston was the first president of the Republic of Texas. Houston brought American settlers to Texas in the 1820s.

States in the North would have been forced to legalize slavery. No other territory would have been granted statehood. The balance of power in Congress would have shifted. There would have been fewer slave states than free states.

Texas was an independent nation. Texas did not want to be annexed. Texas was already a US territory. Texas was governed by Mexico.

a Spanish colony. owned by the United States. an independent nation. a province of Mexico.

It permanently solved the slavery issue and ended any conflicts. It became the inspiration for the Tallmadge Amendment. It was a temporary solution that did not fix the problem of slavery. It revealed that differences between the North and South were insignificant.

The belief in Manifest Destiny meant that slavery was likely to spread to all the territories as they became new states. The belief in Manifest Destiny meant that European nations were likely to give up their claims to territories to avoid a battle over slavery. The belief in Manifest Destiny meant that the United States was destined to outlaw slavery in all new states. The belief in Manifest Destiny meant that the balance between free and slave states could shift as the United States expanded to the Pacific coast.

Missouri would be admitted into the Union as a slave state. Maine would be admitted into the Union as a slave state. slave owners could not pursue runaways into free states. slavery was permitted in all of the Louisiana Territory.

His victory resulted in the capture of one of Mexico's seaports. His victory ended the Mexican-American War by forcing a surrender. His victory allowed the United States to acquire all of Mexico. His victory meant Polk would be able to annex Texas for the United States.

The government sent troops to acquire California and make it part of the US. The government sent a diplomat to secretly offer money to annex California. The government ignored California because the Mexican-American War was underway. The government ignored California because it did not want to acquire another republic.

acquire new territory in the northwest. further the concept of Manifest Destiny. protect American settlers from a Mexican invasion. ensure the independence of the Republic of Texas.

Southerners supported Manifest Destiny, while Northerners did not. States that formed from the new territory would likely allow slavery. More Southerners belonged to the Whig Party and supported the war. Southerners lived near the border and were concerned about attacks.

Mexican citizens railroad owners abolitionists slaveholders

the border between the US and Mexico the practice of slavery in Texas the border between Texas and Mexico the practice of slavery in Mexico

outnumbering white settlers being forced into slavery having inexperience farming the land having their families split across two nations

acquired most of the land owned by Mexico. established Texas as an independent republic. paid $15 million for lands the Mexican Cession. ceded control of California to Mexico.

The Wilmot Proviso was a document about the future of slavery in all territory acquired from Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso was an outline of the procedures for new territories to become states. The Wilmot Proviso was a military strategy that explained how to win the Mexican-American War. The Wilmot Proviso was a campaign document to help elect Congressman David Wilmot.

new territory that extended to the Canadian border in the North. a small parcel of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico. two ports in the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California. new territory that contributed to the formation of seven new states.

California would enter as a free state and upset the balance. The South's loss of influence would mean they could not block antislavery laws. California would enter as a slave state and upset the balance. The North's loss of influence would mean they could not block proslavery laws. California would enter as a slave state. If any formerly enslaved people traveled to California, they would automatically lose their freedom. California would enter as a free state. If any enslaved people traveled to California, they would automatically be granted their freedom.

The South feared it would lose power and influence in the Senate. The South feared enslaved workers would run away to the new state. The South feared it would have to pass laws to maintain slavery. The South feared the goldmining industry would overtake agriculture.

a proslavery position an antislavery position a position of compromise no position

The Free Soil Party was included in the vote. The slave trade was not addressed. Each measure was voted on individually. The spread of slavery was not addressed.

Northern states considered leaving the Union. President Zachary Taylor decided to compromise. Northern politicians banned slavery everywhere. Southern states considered leaving the Union.

anti-abolitionists and Republicans the forty-niners and Republicans antislavery Whigs and Northern Democrats proslavery Whigs and Southern Democrats

The Wilmot Proviso is rejected; Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill; California applies for statehood; The Compromise of 1850 passes. The Wilmot Proviso is rejected; The Compromise of 1850 passes; California applies for statehood; Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill. Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill; California applies for statehood; The Wilmot Proviso is rejected; The Compromise of 1850 passes. Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill; The Compromise of 1850 passes; The Wilmot Proviso is rejected; California applies for statehood.

popular sovereignty Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny territorial election

whether to acquire new territories in the West whether to sell territory from the Mexican Cession whether to spread slavery into new territories whether to encourage territories to become states

The law improved relations between the North and South and helped ease any remaining tensions. The abolition movement gained support as the law forced Northerners to take part in the system of slavery. Fewer runaway enslaved people were captured and returned because the law was too lax and had too many loopholes. Many more enslaved people escaped to the North because the law ensured that they would be protected.

below the Missouri Compromise line. above the Missouri Compromise line. on land that had been part of the Republic of Texas. on land that was part of the Mexican Cession.

to ensure the people of Kansas would be free to own slaves to ensure that Kansas voted to become a free state to help free African Americans move into the territory to claim the free land they were promised in Kansas

They wanted to arm enslaved workers using the town's armory. They wanted to create a place of safe refuge for fugitive slaves. They wanted to show their support for the Border Ruffians. They wanted to stop a violent uprising of enslaved workers.

They thought the railroad that would be built there would only benefit the North. They did not think the area's American Indians should be moved to Oklahoma. They worried that the area's American Indians would be relocated to the South. They were afraid the admission of new free states would tip the balance.

"compromisers." "border ruffians." "conductors." "free soilers."

They wanted to protect the American Indians from attacks by settlers. They wanted to extend the railroad and open the land to settlers. The Missouri Compromise declared that they had to be removed. Fighting from the Mexican-American War was extending into the area.

Neither constitution agreed on the subject of making slavery legal. Neither constitution was supported by the people of Kansas. Both constitutions allowed slavery in Kansas for property owners. Both constitutions considered Kansas to be a free territory.

influence the territorial elections in Kansas. influence the territorial elections in Nebraska. establish Nebraska as a free territory. establish Kansas as a slave territory.

proslavery settlers who came to Kansas from the neighboring state of Missouri proslavery settlers who brought enslaved people to Kansas from the South antislavery settlers who came to Kansas to work on the railroad antislavery settlers who were sent to Kansas from the northeast

to prevent one region from becoming more economically unstable than another and to keep the US economy on an even keel to maintain a balance in Congress between the number of representatives who supported slavery compared to those who opposed it to make it less likely that enslaved workers would attempt to escape a slave state to seek freedom in a free state to provide settlers in the territories the opportunity and the right to determine the issue of slavery for themselves