APUSH Ch 15 Terms

A self-made man, and leader from Tennessee who worked his way up the political ranks. He despised the rich Northeasterners and the Southern planter elite. He stood for the poor whites, but not the enslaved blacks. He was loyal to the union during the war and held Tennessee together despite strong internal conflict. He was a Jacksonian Democrat and was Lincoln's VP in 1864 to promote wartime unity.

Lincoln pardoned all Southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the Constitution, except for high ranking Confederates and the planter elite, who he felt caused secession. He appointed provisional governors for the southern states and established functioning elected governments. However, southern Unionists were similar to Confederates when it came to racial attitudes and soon the ex-Confederates were returning to power, which angered the Republicans.

Emancipated blacks believed ownership of land was the foundation of true freedom. In Georgia and South Carolina, General William T. Sherman reserved coastal tracts which he settled on 40-acre plots for liberated slaves. Sherman didn't want the bother of refugees as his army went South, but the freedmen assumed the land would become theirs. When the war ended, the task of resettlement became the Freedmen's Bureau's responsibility.

After the Civil War, southern states that were in ruin passed these laws in an effort to force blacks back to the plantations. The laws denied the civil rights whites had given to ex-slaves, so slavery would essentially return.

Carpetbaggers were Northerners who moved South after the war, sometimes with all their possessions in a carpetbag, during Reconstruction. Ex-Confederates still despised the Northerners even though Carpetbaggers were quite a varied group. Scalawags were Southern whites that joined the Republican effort during Reconstruction and were considered traitors by ex-Confederates. They believed an alliance with the Republicans would bring Northern money and help rebuild the South.

Passed in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery in the US forever and freed the slaves.

After the Republicans suffered a loss in the veto of the Freedmen's Bureau bill, they consolidated their gains with this amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment declared that all persons born in the US were citizens, no state could deprive an individual of his rights or deny him the protection of the law. It established the ground-work for a federally enforced standard of equality. Johnson urged the states not to ratify it, turning it into a campaign for the Democrats and political conflict followed. However, Johnson was defeated in the 1866 election, showing that the people were willing to support civil rights for former slaves.

Passed in 1869, it prohibited the federal government and states from denying citizens the right to vote based on their race, color, or previous occupation. Poll taxes, property requirements and literacy tests were not prohibited in this last major piece of Reconstruction.

They represented the abolitionist supporters within the Republican party, most of which were from the New England or the Midwest. They were led by Sumner in the Senate and Stevens in the House. For Radical Republicans, the main focus of Reconstruction was remaking southern society, not restoring the Union. They also wanted to expand the powers of the national government to secure the freedmen's civil and political rights.

The South was organized into five military districts, each under the command of a Union general. To reenter the Union, the Southern states had to grant the vote to the freedmen and remove the Southern leadership class from power. The military commanders registered all eligible adult males, including blacks, enforced state conventions, and made sure that the new constitutions included black suffrage. Southern states also had to have the constitution ratified and approve the Fourteenth Amendment.

An act passed in accordance with the Reconstruction Act that required approval from the Senate for the removal of any official whose appointment required Senate confirmation. Congress wanted to protect Stanton, he favored radical Reconstruction and could undermine Johnson's attempt at down playing Reconstruction. The law also made the president issue all orders to the army through the commanding general, Ulysses S. Grant, at the time.

After the Reconstruction and Tenure of Office Acts, Johnson was essentially defeated. Johnson then suspended Stanton and replaced him with Grant, who objected the president's decisions. The Senate overruled Stanton's suspension and Grant resigned. In 1868, Johnson formally dismissed Stanton, and three days later, the House Republicans introduce the articles of impeachment for the first time. Johnson was tried for 11 counts of presidential misconduct, 9 of which were in violation of the Tenure of Office Act. However, the trial came one vote short of the two thirds requirement, so Johnson was acquitted. (many felt that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional, and they were wary of the alternative, Wade)

A self-made, Memphis slave trader and Mississippi plantation owner. He fought bravely at the Battle of Shiloh and won fame as Confederate cavalry rider and the leader of the slaughter of black troops at Fort Pillow. Forrest, who struck rock bottom after the war, joined the Ku Klux Klan as a way to retaliate against the despised Republicans who ran Tennessee.

A hate group known for their extreme racism against blacks and their willingness to use violence in support of their beliefs. The Klan was established in 1865 in Tennessee to strike back at the Republican governor William Brownlow and his black supporters. Klan members dominated the Democratic Party in Tennessee and threatened to declare war when Brownlow threatened to mobilize the state militia against them. Outside of Tennessee, the KKK murdered Republican politicians, burned black schools and churches and attacked party gatherings.

Grant became a Republican hero, in addition to war hero, after the impeachment controversy surrounding Johnson, easily winning the election of 1868. In the fall campaign he supported radical Reconstruction, but also the reconciliation between the sections. Horatio Seymour, the Democratic appointee almost declined the nomination because of the Republicans power.

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Stanton and all other advocates for woman's suffrage were outraged to discover that the Fifteenth Amendment did not include the vote for women. However, the majority of women, led by Stone and Howe, accepted the priority of black suffrage and were willing to wait for their vote until the end of Reconstruction. They organized the American Woman Suffrage Association, and were moderates attached to the Republican party. Stanton and Anthony established the National Woman Suffrage Association which accepted only women, emphasized that women must not put their trust in men, and focused exclusively on women's rights. The two movements had different means of achieving their goals, but both made suffrage a woman's prominent concern.

By 1871 all the Southern states had rejoined the Union by meeting the congressional stipulations required of them. Republican organizations protected by federal troops spread throughout the South, and remained in power from nine months in Virginia to nine years in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida. The core support of the Republican institutions came from African Americans, who made up the majority of voters in several Southern states.

Northern blacks, many of which were Union army veterans, moved south because of the arrival of radical Reconstruction in the region. Men of various skills began to reach out to the freedmen for work as the reconstructed governments were beginning to function. Black speakers recruited ex-slaves for political roles, as more and more blacks were developing skills and finding prosperous places in society. Black officeholders were dominant throughout the South, and even constituted a majority of the lower house in South Carolina in 1868.

Established in 1865 to aid ex-slaves during the transition from war to peace, and assimilation from the plantation into society. In 1866 under the leadership of Senator Trumbull, Congress voted to extend the Bureau by giving it direct funding and authorizing its agents to investigate mistreatment of blacks.

Most freedmen were freed without any land of their own, and they vowed not to work under any conditions similar to those of slavery. Thus, sharecropping became popular amongst freedmen. In sharecropping, the freedmen would exchange a portion of their harvested crops for the use of land, a house, and tools. It was a compromise between freedmen and white landowners that came about because freedmen wanted to work on their own land but didn't have the money to buy it. Meanwhile, white landowners needed agricultural laborers, but did not have the money to pay for their wages.

A revolt took place within the Republican Party led by intellectuals, journalists, and businessmen. They were unable to deny Grant renomination, thus they formed their own party, Liberal Republican. They nominated Horace Greeley, a veteran of American reform in all its variety, as their candidate, and so did the Democrats. Greeley was a poor campaigner, and Grant recorded an overwhelming victory, with 56% of the popular vote and every electoral votes.

He is best known as the Union general who led the Union troops to victory against the Confederates. Grant was also the 18th president and served two terms, elected in 1868 and again in 1872. Grant led Reconstruction and established civil rights laws and the Republican Party in the South. During Grant's time in office, African Americans earned seats in government offices for the first time. Despite all the accomplishments made during his presidency, there was also abundant economic turmoil and scandals, such as the corruption seen heavily during the 1870's.

Republican candidate, Rutherford Hayes, and Democratic candidate, Samuel Tilden, were involved in a controversial presidential election. The three states still ruled by Reconstruction governments, Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana, became vital as the returns started coming in. Tilden led in key northern states, and seemed headed for the White House, however, Hayes would win in those three states by a single electoral vote, meaning he won the election. Since the Constitution does not provide for this particular situation, Congress appointed an electoral commission to settle the question. The commission voted 8 to 7 in favor of Hayes, and while the Democrats in the House delayed the final count, Hayes was eventually inaugurated on schedule.

A popular rallying cry used by southern Democrats to represent their belief that the Reconstruction governments were illegitimate and imposed on the South. The Democrats, and Tilden, felt they were the only party capable of restoring the South. Hayes also supported home rule but more discreetly.