AP Psychology Motivation and Emotion

Research on the nonverbal expression of emotion indicates that A) the body movements and gestures used to express emotions are the same throughout the world B) it is difficult to use nonverbal clues to mislead others about one's true emotions C) introverts are better than extraverts at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotions in others D) accurately identifying emotional facial expressions in people from different cultures requires personal experience with those cultures E) people who have a large social group are better at judging nonverbal communication

When Professor Simon acquired a spacious new office, he was overjoyed. Several months later, however, he was taking the office for granted. His behavior illustrates the: A) relative deprivation principle B) adaptation-level phenomenon C) valence theory D) optimum arousal principle E) catharsis hypothesis

You are on your way to school to take a big exam. Suddenly, after noticing that your pulse is racing and that you are sweating, you feel nervous. With which theory of emotion is this experience most consistent? A) Cannon-Bard theory B) James-Lannge theory C) relative deprivation theory D) adaptation-level theory E) Zajonc's theory of emotion

Barbara, a 14-year-old, is of average height but weighs only 80 pounds. She has lost 30 pounds over the last six months by eating very little and running five miles a day. She is determined not to become overweight and ignores her parents' suggestion that she should eat well-balanced meals. Barbara suffers from A) bulimia nervosa B) obesity C) an abnormally low set point D) anorexia nervosa E) hypermetabolism

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of --- than do other theories of emotion. A) cognitive activity B) subjective well-being C) physiological arousal D) catharsis E) overt behavior

Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that: A) homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been sexually abused as a child B) homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been overprotected by their mothers C) homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been raised in a father-absent home D) homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been exposed to a gay or lesbian school teacher E) the reported backgrounds of homosexuals and heterosexuals are similar

After Brenda scolded her brother for forgetting to pick her up from school, the physical arousal that had accompanied her anger diminished. Which division of her nervous system mediated her physical relaxation? A) sympathetic division B) parasympathetic division C) skeletal division D) peripheral nervous system E) somatic division

The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as A) refractory period B) instinct C) homeostasis D) metabolism E) incentive

When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by: A) decrease in blood sugar levels B) slowing of digestion C) increases in salivation D) constriction of pupils to increase visual acuity E) decrease in respiration rate

Evidence that changes in facial expression can directly affect people's feelings and body states has convinced Robert Zajonc that: A) the heart is always subjective to the mind B) emotional reactions involve deliberate rational thinking C) cognition is not necessary for emotion D) the interpretation of facial expression is a learned skill

In animals, destruction of the lateral hypothalamus results in ---, whereas destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus results in ---. A) overeating; loss of hunger B) loss of hunger; overeating C) an elevated set point; a lowered set point D) increased thirst; loss of thirst E) an elevated set point; loss of thirst

People who are exuberant and persistently cheerful show increased activity in the brain's ---, which is rich in receptors for the neurotransmitter ---. A) right frontal lobe; dopamine B) left frontal lobe; dopamine C) amygdala; serotonin D) thalamus; serotonin E) amygdala; dopamine

The candidate stepped before the hostile audience, panic written all over his face. It is likely that the candidate's facial expression caused him to experience: A) a lessening of his fear B) an intensification of his fear C) a surge of digestive enzymes in his body D) increased body temperature E) fleeting memory loss

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the: A) James-Lange theory B) relative deprivation principle C) two-factor theory D) Cannon-Bard theory E) catharsis hypothesis

Haley's parents bought her a used bicycle for her birthday. She was thrilled until she learned that her best friend received a brand new bicycle on her birthday. Haley's declining satisfaction illustrates the: A) relative deprivation principle B) adaptation-level phenomenon C) catharsis hypothesis D) factor feedback effect E) two-factor theory

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforst to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimal arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and: A) drive reduction B) 360-degree feedback C) refractory periods D) basal metabolic rate E) a fixed behavior pattern

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by --- needs. A) safety B) belongingness C) achievement D) self-actualization E) sexual

Which division of the nervous system is especially involved in bringing about emotional arousal? A) somatic nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system E) central nervous system

Relatively high levels of physiological arousal would be mostly likely to interfere with effectively: A) solving a crossword puzzle B) repeating the alphabet C) riding a bicycle D) washing the dishes E) enjoying a televised football game

Bradley was romantically interested in Angel. Based on research by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, if Bradley wishes to increase the odds that she will return his interest, he should A) take her to dinner at her favorite restaurant B) play soft music for her on the piano C) bring her a dozen red roses D) take her rock climbing E) buy her a puzzle that they can both put together

Subjective well-being among university and college students: A) correlates positively with the extent to which love is valued and positively with the extent to which money is valued B) correlates positively with the extent to which love is valued and does not correlate with the extent to which money is valued C) does not correlate with the extent to which love is valued and positively with the extent to which money is valued D) does not correlate with the extent to which love is valued and does not correlate with the extent to which money is valued E) correlates positively with the extent to which love is valued and negatively with the extent to which money is valued

Eva's boyfriend says he loves her, but she wants proof. In order to obtain the most trustworthy nonverbal signals of how he really feels, Eva should carefully ovbserve: A) his general body posture when he stands near her B) the way he holds her hand when they walk together C) how close he stands to her when they are talking D) his facial expressions when they spend time together E) the way he positions his legs when he sits next to her

Two years ago Maria was in an automobile accident in which her spinal cord was severed, leaving her paralyzed from her neck down. Today, Maria finds that she experiences emotions less intensely than she did before her accident. This tends to support which theory of emotion? A) James-Lange theory B) Cannon-Bard theory C) adaptation-level theory D) relative-deprivation theory E) catharsis hypothesis

Which of the following best describes the Yerkes-Dodson Law? A) Performance on difficult tasks is best when physiological arousal is moderate B) Performance on difficult tasks is worst when physiological arousal is moderate C) Performance on easy tasks is worst when physiological arousal is low D) Performance on difficult tasks is worst when physiological arousal is high E) Performance is mediocre when physiological arousal is moderate

Patients reportedly feel less depressed following between-the-eyebrows Botox injections that immobilize their frown muscles. This best illustrates the A) feel-good, do-good phenomenon B) adaptation-level phenomenon C) spillover effect D) facial feedback effect E) relative-deprivation effect

Exposure of a fetus to the hormone typical of females between --- and --- months after conseption may predispose the developing human to become attracted to males. A) 1; 3 B) 2; 5 C) 4; 7 D) 5; 8 E) 6; 9

As elderly as Mr. Hooper crosses the busy intersection, he stumbles and drops the packages he is carrying. Which passerby is most likely to help Mr. Hooper? A) Drew, who has been laid off from work for three months B) Leon, who is on his way to work C) Bonnie, who graduated from college the day before D) Nancy, whose father recently passed away

A mother's immune system may have a defensive response to substances produced by male fetuses. This is most likely to contribute to A) erotic plasticity B) the sexual response system C) sexually transmitted infections D) the fraternal birth-order effect E) a refractory period

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than with their lips. This finding best serves to support the: A) relative deprivation principle B) Cannon-Bard theory C) adaptation-level phenomenon D) James-Lange theory E) catharsis hypothesis

Schachter's two-factor theory emphasizes that emotion involves both: A) they sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system B) verbal and nonverbal expression C) physical arousal and a cognitive label D) universal and cultural specific aspects E) autonomic activation that creates emotional responses

Research on the causes of homosexuality suggests that: A) homosexuality develops most readily in families with domineering mothers and weak, ineffectual fathers B) homosexuality arises from a fear of members of the opposite sex C) male homosexuality results from abundently high levels of testosterone in the blood D) childhood sexual victimization contributes strongly to homosexual development E) genetic influence plays a role in sexual orientation

Beginning with the most basic needs, which of the following represents the correct sequence of needs in the hierarchy described by Maslow? A) safety; physiological; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment B) safety; physiological; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment C) physiological; safety; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment D) physiological; esteem; safety; self-fulfillment; belongingness and love E) physiological; safety; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment

A small cluster of neurons, the nucleus accumbens, is highly active when people experience A) pleasure B) anger C) fear D) depression E) disgust

Carlos is so friendly and likable that his job supervisors and co-workers often appraise his work skills and performance more positively than is actuallly warranted. This best illustrates evaluators' vulnerability to: A) homeostasis B) the interviewer illusion C) intrinsic motivation D) the experience of flow E) halo errors

After studying artists who would spend hour after hour painting or sculpting with enormous concentration, Csikszentmihalyi formulated the concept of: A) transformational leadership B) strengths-based selection C) achievement motivation D) 360-degree feedback E) flow

Rannilt was euphoric after learning that she had been accepted by the medical school of her choice. After a few weeks, however, she is only mildly excited when she thinks about her admission to medical school. This change in her feelings can best be explained in terms of the: A) catharsis hypothesis B) relative deprivation principle C) feel-good, do-good phenomenon D) Cannon-Bard theory E) adaptation-level phenomenon

Which of the following is clearly not an example of an incentive? A) money B) threat of punishment C) hunger D) new car E) hug

When the scientist electrically stimulated one area of a monkey's brain, the monkey became enraged. When another electrode was activated, the monkey cowered in fear. The electrodes were most likely implanted in the: A) pituitary gland B) adrenal gland C) limbic system D) right hemisphere E) cerebellum

Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory both emphasize --- factors in motivation A) environmental B) cognitive C) psychological D) behavioral E) social-cultural

Thaddeus will play a violin solo at his school tomorrow. Which of the following will be true of his musical performance? A) It will be good if his physiological arousal during the performance is very low B) It will be poor if his physiological arousal during the performance is moderate C) It will be good if his physiological arousal during the performance is very high D) It will be mediocre if his physiological arousal during the performance is moderate E) It will be good if his physiological arousal during the performance is moderate

Which of the following indivisuals would be characterized as experiencing "flow"? A) Sheila, who, despite viewing her work as merely a job, performs her work conscientiously B) Larry, who sees his work as an artist as a calling C) Darren, who views his present job as merely a stepping stone in his career D) Montal, who often becomes so immersed in his writing that he loses all sense of self and time

Jane was so mad at her brother that she exploded at him when he entered her room. That she felt less angry afterward is best explained by the principle of: A) adaptation level B) physiological arousal C) relative deprivation D) catharsis E) spillover effect

As a business manager, Julie often calls her employees' attention to their occassional mistakes while withholding praise for their many accomplishments. Julie is apparently a A) transformational leader B) social leader C) cognitive psychology D) Theory X manager E) Theory Y manager

Developing assessment tools for selecting and placing employees is of most direct relevance to: A) social psychology B) clinical psychology C) organizational psychology D) human factor psychology E) personnel psychology

Which profession is most directly involved in the application of psychology's principles into the workplace? A) social psychology B) personality psychology C) cognitive psychology D) developmental psychology E) industrial-organizational psychology

The relative deprivation principle refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by: A) genetics B) previous experiences C) catharisis D) physiological arousal E) others' attainments

Research participants who glimpsed a face for one-tenth of a second were able to judge someone's trustworthiness. This finding suggests that A) some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking B) different emotions have distinct biological features C) physiological arousal precedes emotional experience D) there is a connection between emotional arousal and autonomic nervous system E) thin slices help reveal emotional states

An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a: A) instinct B) incentive C) drive D) set point E) requirement

Work is most likely to satisfy the higher-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy for those who: A) work only part time B) view their work as a calling C) are strongly motivated by high wages D) are supervised by managers with a directive style E) view work as a means to an end

After receiving an unexpected "A" on his psychology test, Jordan was easily persuaded to baby-sit his little sister while his parents went out for dinner. This best illustrates the: A) catharsis hypothesis B) adaptation-level phenomenon C) feel-good, do-good phenomenon D) relative deprivation principle E) facial feedback effect

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates the: A) evolutionary perspective B) relative deprivation principle C) Cannon-Bard theory D) two-factor theory E) adaptation-level principle

Researchers have discovered that "cyber-ostracism" (for example, internet chat rooms) by strangers elicits increased activity in the: A) anterior commissure B) lateral hypothalamus C) anterior cingulate cortex D) ventromedial hypothalamus E) occipital fissure

Our sexual attraction toward members of either the same sex or the opposite sex is called our A) sexual response cycle B) gender identity C) set point D) sexual orientation E) sexual identity

People experience a mood shift when they switch from taking short shuffling steps to taking long strides and swinging their arms by their sides. This best illustrates A) the adaptation-level phenomenon B) the spillover effect C) the behavior feedback phenomenon D) the feel-good, do-good phenomenon E) the catharsis effect

Noticing that his heat was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the: A) relative deprivation principle B) James-Lange theory C) two-factor theory D) catharsis hypothesis E) adaptation-level principle

Mr. Walters has many years of experience as a personnel officer for a large corporation. He does not review most job applicants' reference files because he is confident in his ability to predict their future work performance based on his direct face-to-face conversations with them. Mr. Walters' confidence best illustrates: A) social leadership B) 360-degree feedback C) the halo error D) transformational leadership E) the interviewer illusion

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. When one of his passengers joked he almost had a two-color car, Lee laughed uncontrollably. Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the A) adaptation-level phenomenon B) relative deprivation principle C) catharsis hypothesis D) spillover effect E) James-Lange theory

Which brain structure has been found to be especially important in learning to fear specific objects? A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) corpus callosum D) hippocampus E) thalamus

Evidence that visual input is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that: A) the cortex sends more neural projections to the amygdala than it receives back B) emotion tends to distort our perception of the world C) a visual stimulus always triggers a stronger emotional response than does an auditory stimulus D) some emotional reactions may occur without concious thinking E) blind people must learn expressions of emotion

For as long as she has been the plant manager, Juanita has welcomed input from employees and has delegated authority. Bill, manages his department, with a more authoritarian, iron-fisted approach. Juanita's style is one of --- leadership, whereas Bill's is one of --- leadership. A) task; social B) social; task C) directive; democratic D) democratic; participative E) directive; task

Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least four hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best college teams in the country. His goal and behavior best illustrates the concept of: A) set point B) 360-degree feedback C) human factor psychology D) achievement motivation E) homeostasis

Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following? A) the sweet taste of chocolate B) electric stimulation to the pleasure center of the brain C) a monkey using its tail as a fifth limb to climb higher in a tree D) the injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms E) the enjoyment of a frightening movie

Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will A) calm their emotions and reduce their anger B) lead them to perceive their employer's actions as unavoidable C) rechannel their anger into constructive motivation D) increase their hostility E) promote more open, honest communication

The primary difference between "sad" and "relaxed" is one of ---, while the primary difference between "sad" and "angry" is one of ---. A) physiological; psychological B) emotion; stress C) valence; arousal D) anxiety; passion E) nurture; nature

Which of the following best explains why, for those who are not poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness? A) the spillover effect B) the general adaptation syndrome C) the adaptation-level phenomenon D) the do-good, feel-good phenomenon E) the relative deprivation hypothesis