Chapter 9: Motivation And Emotion, Chapter 10: Stress, Health, And Human Flourishing, Chapter 11: Social Psychology

By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to

Need is to ________ as drive is to ________.

________ theory of motivation claims that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

Dr. Gomez believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that "push" us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Gomez's views are most consistent with the ________ theory of motivation.

Some students work hard in school to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of

Aaron is motivated to engage in risky activities simply for the sake of the thrill they gave him. His motivation is best explained by

According to Abraham Maslow, ________ is the need to find meaning and identity beyond the self.

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases is

Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin.

A starving rat will lose all interest in food if a specific neural center within the ________ is destroyed.

Jose is trying to lose 100 pounds. He has greatly restricted his caloric intake but has lost only about 6 percent of his weight. Jose's limited weight loss is due, at least in part, to the fact that his dietary restriction led to a(n)

Jonah misbehaved and so was sent to his room for a time-out. The punishment Jonah is experiencing is social isolation through

Emotions are a mix of all of the following EXCEPT

Eight-year-old Dejuan was teasing and hitting his sister because her friends would not allow him to play with them. His mother punished him by sending him to his room for 20 minutes. This punishment is likely to cause Dejuan to experience

Some emotional responses to visual stimuli appear to involve no deliberate thinking. These emotional responses are said to follow a low road that bypasses the

Happy infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Women show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing frightening films, and they show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing happy films.

The polygraph measures the changes in ________ that accompany emotion.

If a gender-neutral face is made to look angry, most people perceive it as ________. If asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as ________.

Carol learned in her psychology class that when she feels down she should take a brisk walk with a smile and look straight ahead. Carol has learned about

Motivations arise from the interplay between ________, the bodily "push," and ________, the "pulls" from our personal experiences, thoughts, and culture.

A lack of sufficient oxygen intake is an example of a(n)

A lack of sleep is an example of a(n)

A drive refers to

Nora is very cold so she puts on a coat. Nora's body temperature is a physiological state that has produced a motivational state. The physiological state is called

Loretta is walking to class on an extremely cold and windy day. Halfway there she is shivering so much that she begins to run in order to reach the warmth of her classroom sooner. Which theory most clearly explains Loretta's behavior by emphasizing the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

Our body's temperature cools, our blood vessels constrict (to conserve warmth), and we seek to put on more clothes or seek a warmer environment. Our cooling body is an example of a(n)

An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained in terms of

Lessening of internal tension would be most closely associated with which theory of motivation?

For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to

Danica's grades have recently dropped. She is reluctant to return a call from her parents because she is avoiding what will be a very unpleasant conversation. Danica's reluctance to call her parents can be explained by

Which theory best explains why some people are motivated to engage in risky recreational behaviors such as mountain climbing?

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

While we are pushed to reduce ________, we are pulled by ________, which can be positive or negative environmental stimuli that lure or repel us.

Randy enjoys highly risky, exciting activities such as cliff diving and wind surfing. He is always looking for the next exciting adventure and is bored very easily. Randy is seeking

The arousal theory of motivation would be most helpful for explaining why

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of

In response to stress, ________ release(s) stress hormones into the bloodstream.

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream.

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion characterize the phases of

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

People with AIDS are most likely to suffer from

Compared with monkeys left in stable groups, those who were housed with three or four new roommates each month were more likely to experience

An overactive immune system is most likely to contribute to

Professor Huang is researching the effects of stress appraisal on lymphocyte activity. Her work best illustrates the speciality area of

Providing and seeking support from others during times of stress best illustrates

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to ________.

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

Unlike Type A personalities, the Type D people are potential candidates for coronary heart disease because they

Kathy reduced the stress of breaking up with her boyfriend in two ways. She avoided contact with her ex-boyfriend and she planned recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates

To reduce the stress of making monthly payments on her high-interest credit card debt, Marci secured a low-interest bank loan and an extra part-time job, which enabled her to quickly pay off her debts. Marci's actions best illustrated

In research studies, dogs that were able to escape electric shocks experienced

Kayla has been abused by her husband for years. Feeling that she cannot escape her situation, she has become increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates

Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates

It has been suggested that a stable worldview may contribute to the stress protection associated with

The best way to increase the brain's serotonin activity is to

Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family members has been found to promote

Compared with their less happy peers, the happiest 20-year-olds are subsequently ________ likely to marry and ________ likely to divorce.

After receiving exciting news about the birth of a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates

A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of

Professor Crane was ecstatic when he learned that his research study had been approved for publication. His feelings of joy quickly disappeared, however, when he heard a colleague recently had three different research articles accepted for publication. His declining emotional satisfaction is best explained in terms of

A stressor is a(n)

A sporting event that participants perceive as highly challenging or threatening is best described as a

Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.

Research on stressful life events indicates that

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that emotion-arousing events trigger an outpouring of ________ from the adrenal glands.

Estée's legs are paralyzed, but she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might have caused by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of

Stressful events trigger an outpouring of stress hormones from the

When confronted with a stressful event, your sympathetic nervous system

Who first identified the three-stage general adaptation syndrome?

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

In response to a stressful work deadline, Jonas' heart rate increased and blood raced to his skeletal muscles. These physical reactions best characterize the ________ phase of the ________.

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome are organisms best able to physically cope with stress?

Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside, indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?

T lymphocytes attack

Compared with men in similar situations, women in distressed relationships have higher levels of _______, which may help them seek out and receive support from others.

Psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the

The fundamental attribution error

Rebecca needs a new car. When she sees her favorite movie star in a car commercial, she decides to purchase the car advertised in the commercial. Rebecca's decision making illustrates

Jackie is trying to decide which computer to purchase. After reading various articles comparing computers and researching the different types of computers in Consumer Reports, she makes her decision. Jackie's decision illustrates

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of

Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

In making wedding preparations, Jacinta conforms to the expectations of her future bride's family simply to win their favor. Her behavior illustrates the importance of

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

Ten-year-old Emmitt is able to bully other children to do what he wants because he is larger than they are. This successful bullying increases his self-esteem, which in turn leads to more bullying during the school year. Emmitt's bullying has increased due to

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their

Jonathan, who attends Cloverdale High School, believes that all students at his school are friendlier than those who attend nearby Smith Valley High School. His belief best illustrates

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.

Marcus wants to build a new fence separating his yard from Michael's. Michael does not want the fence and has hired a lawyer to stop the building of the fence. Marcus and Michael are experiencing

As soon as Marisa met Juan she felt an enormously strong romantic and physical attraction. After their initial date she could not stop thinking about Juan. Marisa interpreted the feeling as "love at first sight." Marisa was

Carolyn and Paul have been married for 30 years and feel a deep attachment; they can't imagine their lives without each other. The attachment they feel is called

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

Dr. Hirt investigates the mental processes we use to make sense of our social environment and form judgments about the behavior of others. Dr. Hirt is most likely a ________ psychologist.

Michelle's 6-year-old son is behaving very poorly in a restaurant. Michelle tells her friend that he is behaving badly because he is tired. Michelle's friend thinks the behavior results from poor parenting. Both explanations are examples of

Malik is not upset that his girlfriend forgot his birthday because he believes that she forgot because she was worried about her upcoming finals and her father's health. Malik's explanation for his girlfriend's forgetfulness is an example of

Sixteen-year-old Gregory wrecked his parent's car on a snowy day. His parents assumed that the accident was caused by his carelessness and lack of concern for their car. Gregory's parents' assumption illustrates an attribution based on

We are more likely to attribute our behavior to ________, but we are more likely to attribute the behavior of others to ________.

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude

The tendency in individualist cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personality characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called

Researchers have filmed two people interacting face-to-face with cameras located just behind each person. Showing each person a replay of their interaction filmed from the other person's perspective increased their tendency to attribute the other person's behavior to

We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

Jackson will only buy foreign-built cars because he thinks that all domestically built cars are unreliable. Jackson's feeling about cars built in the United States is an example of

To brainwash captured American soldiers during the Korean war, Chinese communists made effective use of

On the first day of class, Tamara's professor gives brief and abrupt answers to students' questions. Tamara thinks that her new professor is rude. This ________ will likely influence her to act negatively toward her professor.

Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to

Peripheral route persuasion involves

Studies of role-playing most directly highlight the effects of

In Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

In atrocious situations such as Zimbardo's simulated prison, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. This best illustrates

Attitudes are especially likely to affect behavior when

Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to