AP Psychology Unit 8 Test Questions

Which theory has been accused of simply naming rather than explaining behaviors? a. drive-reduction b. set point c. arousal d. instinct e. incentive

Which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetic predispositions? a. drive-reduction theory b. instinct theory c. hierarchy of needs theory d. arousal theory e. incentive theory

It is characteristic of robins to build nests. This is an example of a. a set point. b. homeostasis. c. a drive. d. a need. e. an instinct.

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct. a. infant sucking b. curiosity c. the need to belong d. religious ritual e. the experience of flow

Like evolutionary psychology, instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by a. homeostasis. b. set points. c. incentives. d. genetic predispositions. e. hierarchy of needs.

A need refers to a. a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal. b. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a psychological need. c. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior. d. a desire to perform a behavior as a result of rewards or threats of punishment. e. a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as a. a desire to perform behavior in return for rewards. b. a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species. c. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need. d. the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state. e. a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal.

When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby a. preserve body warmth. b. arouse drives. c. maintain homeostasis. d. lower the set point. e. regain incentives.

An incentive is a a. rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species. b. state of deprivation that triggers arousal. c. positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. d. state of arousal triggered by deprivation. e. basic need listed on the lower levels of Maslow's hierarchy

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of a. instincts. b. homeostasis. c. arousal. d. incentives. e. set points.

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________. a. incentive; set point b. homeostasis; drive reduction c. instinct; need d. need; drive e. need; incentive

Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an incentive? a. social disapproval b. a romantic movie c. a low blood glucose level d. the smell of rotten eggs e. a day of vacation

The smell of chocolate chip cookies draws you into the kitchen to eat some. Which theory best explains your motivation? a. instinct b. drive-reduction c. incentive d. optimum arousal e. hierarchy of needs

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electrical shocks? a. arousal theory b. hierarchy of needs theory c. instinct theory d. drive-reduction theory e. two-factor theory

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of a. refractory periods. b. set points. c. hunger. d. boredom. e. anorexia nervosa

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of a. set points. b. a hierarchy of motives. c. homeostasis. d. erotic plasticity. e. instincts.

According to Maslow, our need for a. love must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for food. b. adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem. c. religious fulfillment must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for adequate housing. d. self-actualization must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for friendship. e. political freedom must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for economic security

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as a. belongingness needs. b. self-esteem needs. c. self-transcendence needs. d. self-actualization needs. e. homeostasis needs.

Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of well-being in wealthy nations than in poor ones. This fact would be most clearly anticipated by a. arousal theory. b. hierarchy of needs theory. c. instinct theory. d. evolutionary theory. e. incentive theory.

Alyssa's home was broken into and many items were taken. After the break-in, Alyssa was afraid to be at home alone and so installed a new alarm system. Abraham Maslow would suggest that Alyssa is trying to satisfy her a. physiological needs. b. safety needs. c. belongingness needs. d. esteem needs. e. self-actualization needs.

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to a. increasing estrogen levels. b. decreasing blood glucose levels. c. increasing PYY levels. d. decreasing orexin levels. e. increasing homeostasis levels.

When a rat's blood sugar level decreases, the ________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering hormone ________. a. lateral; obestatin b. lateral; orexin c. medial; obestatin d. ventromedial; orexin e. medial; testosterone

When people with severe obesity undergo bypass surgery that seals off part of the stomach, the remaining stomach then produces much less a. PYY. b. orexin. c. ghrelin. d. insulin. e. glucose.

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of a. drive reduction. b. insulin secretion. c. energy expenditure. d. homeostasis. e. motivation

Campa Indians in Peru consider roasted ants a delicious delicacy, but this is not the case for most North Americans. This best illustrates a. the impact of unit bias on the foods we choose to eat. b. the role our basal metabolic rate plays in food choices. c. the influence of culture on food preferences. d. the complex interaction of appetite hormones and brain activity. e. our basic need to have our physiological needs met.

John has a BMI of 35 and is desperate to get it down to at least 25. He is trying a low-sugar, low-carbohydrate diet. John is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because a. fat cells can be lost only with vigorous exercise. b. his resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt him to overeat. c. he has an unusually low set point for body weight. d. fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues. e. he needs to decrease the number of fat cells.

Lee believes that for every 3500-calorie reduction in his diet he will lose one pound. Why is Lee incorrect? a. Lee's body will react as if it is being starved, causing his basal metabolic rate to drop. b. Lee's belief does not take into account that his fat cells will not become smaller. c. Lee assumes that dieting alone will lead to weight loss. d. Lee is ignoring the role of the PYY gene, which doubles the risk of becoming obese. e. Lee should remember that caloric intake is a minor factor in weight gain or loss.

If your close friend becomes obese, the odds of you likewise becoming obese increase. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on obesity. a. unit bias b. neophobia c. homeostasis d. social influence e. the hierarchy of needs

Which of the following statements would be the BEST advice for people who plan to lose weight by going on a restricted diet? a. "The second diet is always easier than the first." b. "Use soft drinks to reduce your hunger between meal times." c. "Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening." d. "Eat simple meals that include only a few different foods." e. "Concentrate on eating animal-based proteins rather than plant-based proteins"

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that a. males and females experience an equally long refractory period following orgasm. b. women undergo a decrease in physiological arousal more slowly if they have experienced orgasm than if they have not. c. enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception. d. during the resolution phase, sexual excitement increases in females but decreases in males. e. the sexual response and interest cycle decreases rapidly in middle age.

Women's sexual receptivity differs from that of nonhuman female mammals in being more responsive to ________ levels than to estrogen levels. a. glucose b. orexin c. PYY d. testosterone e. insulin

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that a. to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event. b. the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal. c. an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion. d. to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion. e. cognitive experiences of emotion determine the extent of our physiological arousal.

Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event? a. Cannon-Bard theory b. catharsis hypothesis c. James-Lange theory d. adaptation-level phenomenon e. relative deprivation principle

The suggestion that we share a friend's feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the logic of a. the Cannon-Bard theory. b. the adaptation-level phenomenon. c. the James-Lange theory. d. the catharsis hypothesis. e. the relative deprivation theory.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the a. cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. thalamus. d. parasympathetic nervous system. e. amygdala.

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the a. James-Lange theory. b. relative deprivation principle. c. two-factor theory. d. Cannon-Bard theory. e. catharsis hypothesis.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, body arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________. a. parasympathetic nervous system; thalamus b. sympathetic nervous system; cortex c. thalamus; hypothalamus d. cerebellum; cortex e. parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

Which theory would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states? a. two-factor theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. catharsis theory d. James-Lange theory e. adaptation-level phenomenon

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory. a. cognitive activity b. subjective well-being c. physiological arousal d. catharsis e. stress

The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a a. person comes to fear snakes after he sees someone else bitten by one. b. person's fear of snakes is reduced after she receives a calming tranquilizer. c. person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless. d. person's fear of snakes is reduced after she learns that most snakes are harmless. e. person's fear of snakes would be more intense after an adrenalin shot.

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the a. relative deprivation principle. b. James-Lange theory. c. two-factor theory. d. catharsis hypothesis. e. adaptation-level principle.

When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating, they experience much less anxiety. This is best understood in terms of the a. relative deprivation principle. b. James-Lange theory. c. adaptation-level principle. d. catharsis hypothesis. e. two-factor theory

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the a. relative deprivation principle. b. catharsis hypothesis. c. adaptation-level phenomenon. d. two-factor theory. e. well-being theory

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the a. two-factor theory. b. James-Lange theory. c. Cannon-Bard theory. d. catharsis hypothesis. e. adaptation-level principle.

Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie. She became extremely angry when her younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen. When her movie viewing was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend, however, she experienced unusually intense romantic feelings. Astrid's different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by the a. catharsis hypothesis. b. James-Lange theory. c. adaptation-level principle. d. two-factor theory. e. Cannon-Bard theory.

Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low grade on a test depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by a. physical arousal. b. relative deprivation. c. cognitive appraisals. d. genetic predispositions. e. moral judgments.

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal? a. adaptation-level b. relative deprivation c. Cannon-Bard d. two-factor e. catharsis theory

The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________. a. raising of blood sugar; lowering of blood sugar b. inhibition of digestion; activation of digestion c. contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils d. increasing blood pressure; decreasing blood pressure e. heightened respiration rate; lowered respiration rate

Nikolaus, a high school junior, is on both the track and golf teams. How will a high level of physiological arousal affect his running the 100-meter dash and his accuracy in making long putts in a golf tournament? a. It will have no effect on his running and will interfere with his putting. b. It will enhance his running and will enhance his putting. c. It will enhance his running and will interfere with his putting. d. It will interfere with his running and will enhance his putting. e. It will enhance his running and will have no effect on his putting

Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when you are evacuated from a building that is on fire? a. pupils dilate b. digestion is inhibited c. adrenal glands produce noradrenaline d. respiration increases e. heart rate slows

A psychologist would have the greatest difficulty differentiating between anger and fear by monitoring the ________ associated with each. a. hormone secretions b. finger temperatures c. heart rates d. brain activity e. cognitive experiences

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the a. Cannon-Bard theory. b. adaptation-level principle. c. James-Lange theory. d. catharsis hypothesis. e. relative deprivation principle.

Which of the following research findings is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. Facial expressions of emotion inhibit the conscious experience of emotion. b. Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions. c. People with spinal cord injuries experience a considerable increase in the intensity of their angry feelings. d. Similar hormones are released during both anger and excitement. e. Most emotional experience results from amygdala activation.

Polygraphs are designed to measure the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration that are thought to accompany specific emotions. Which theory of emotion best supports this assumption? a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. Schachter-Singer d. opponent-process e. fight or flight

Researchers attempt to understand emotions using biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. The psychological level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize the importance of a. arousal. b. cognitive labeling. c. facial expressiveness. d. evolutionary adaptiveness. e. the role of the amygdala.

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This finding best serves to support the a. relative deprivation principle. b. Cannon-Bard theory. c. adaptation-level principle. d. James-Lange theory. e. catharsis hypothesis.

After watching a movie in which a female character is being followed by a man in a dark alley, McKenzie kept looking over her shoulder at passersby as she walked to her car. This experience best illustrates a. the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome. b. how daily hassles can lead to stress. c. that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them. d. Type A personalities. e. how many nonverbal expressions are universally understood.

Cassandra's mother told her, You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside. This remark best illustrates the ________ theory of emotion.

Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend, When you notice that your knees knock, your hands sweat, and your stomach is in knots, then you really get scared. This statement best illustrates the

When someone is angry, their respiration, heart rate, and sweating increase. The same responses are also seen when someone is afraid. Walter Cannon suggested that such findings brought which theory into question?

Which theory would be considered plausible by evidence that different emotional states have real physiological differences?

The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion serves to support the

The suggestion that a happy face creates a merry soul is most consistent with the

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash. When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration, cabin pressure, and confined space, his fear of flying was greatly reduced. The reduction in Vaseem's fear is best understood in terms of the

Which theory can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person?

Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often reduce people's subjective experience of intense anxiety. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining this effect?

Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity with which people experience certain emotions most directly refutes the

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion

According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ________ needs

Unlike those with bulimia nervosa, those with binge-eating disorders are not likely to ________ following binge eating.

Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that

The maternal relatives of homosexual men produce ________ offspring than the maternal relatives of heterosexual men, and male homosexuality is more likely to be transmitted by genes from the ________ side of the family.

Increases in the hormone insulin leads to...

The ventromedial hypothalamus may be involved in ___, while the lateral hypothalamus may be involved in ___. A. Processing low fats;stopping eating B. Stopping eating response; the onset of eating C. Processing sugars; increasing hunger

Which of the following events would most likely cause an animal to overeat and become obese? a. destruction of its ventromedial hypothalamus b. lowering its set point c. stimulation of its ventromedial hypothalamus d. destruction of its lateral hypothalamus e. daily injections of glucose

Which of the following is a common misconception about anorexia nervosa? a. People with anorexia commonly drop 15 percent below normal body weight. b. Anorexia is only a women's illness. c. Those at risk for anorexia are not influenced by cultural factors. d. People with anorexia are more likely to perceive themselves as overweight. e. Families of people with anorexia tend to be overprotective.

Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in wealthy nations than in poorer ones. This fact would be most clearly anticipated by

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

People's dislike of novel foods best illustrates

Situational influences on our food consumption have prompted psychologists to emphasize

Leptin is a hunger-dampening hormone secreted by

Four perspectives that explain motivation: 1) instinct theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective); 2)_________; 3) arousal theory; 4) hierarchy of motives

27) Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand eating disorders. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by?