psychology review

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of: - conscious and unconscious mental activity. - observable responses to the environment. - behavior and mental processes. - thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. - maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? Jean Piaget Francis Bacon Rosalie Rayner Mary Calkins Margaret Washburn

The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of: structuralism. psychiatry. empiricism. behaviorism. functionalism.

The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by: John Locke. John Watson. Wilhelm Wundt. Charles Darwin. B. F. Skinner.

Which perspective is most concerned with the unique ways in which individuals interpret their own life experiences? behavioral cognitive neuroscience behavior genetics psychodynamic

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders? personality psychology social psychology biological psychology clinical psychology developmental psychology

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n): clinical psychologist. industrial/organizational psychologist. developmental psychologist. psychiatrist. biological psychologist.

Replication involves: the selection of random samples. perceiving order in random events. repeating an earlier research study. rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested. overestimating the extent to which others share our views.

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of: random sampling. wording effects. the placebo effect. naturalistic observation. hindsight bias.

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of: explanation. prediction. control. replication. experimentation.

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are: causally related. negatively correlated. independent variables. dependent variables. positively correlated.

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem? +0.60 +0.01 -0.10 -0.06 0.00

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of: perceiving illusory correlations. explaining events in hindsight. confusing correlation with causation. generalizing from unrepresentative samples. discerning order in random events.

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of: naturalistic observation. the hindsight bias. random sampling. the double-blind procedure. replication.

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition. dependent variable correlational experimental replication control

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was: 2. 50. 10. 12. 9.

The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is the: mode. mean. normal distribution. median. standard deviation.

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events? mean scatterplot standard deviation median correlation coefficient

In order to study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use: the case study. correlational measurement. naturalistic observation. replication. random assignment.

In order to provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n): dependent variable. random sample. independent variable. control condition. experimental condition.

In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of: random assignment. naturalistic observation. replication. correlation. random sampling.

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of: conscious and unconscious mental activity. observable responses to the environment. behavior and mental processes. thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

Socrates, Plato, and Descartes believed that: the mind is a blank slate at birth. mind and body are distinct and separable. true knowledge originates in sensory experience. mental processes reflect evolutionary change. body fluids govern both mind and body.

The first psychological laboratory was established by: William James. John Watson. Wilhelm Wundt. Sigmund Freud. Jean Piaget.

The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of: structuralism. psychiatry. empiricism. behaviorism. functionalism.

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? Jean Piaget Francis Bacon Rosalie Rayner Mary Calkins Margaret Washburn

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of: childhood memories. genetic predispositions. unconscious thoughts. healthy growth potential. punishment and reinforcement.

Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection? Wundt Titchener Watson James Freud

The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by: John Locke. John Watson. Wilhelm Wundt. Charles Darwin. B. F. Skinner.

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of: SQ3R. introspection. humanistic psychology. multiple levels of analysis. structuralism.

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? evolutionary behavioral psychodynamic neuroscience behavior genetics

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n): clinical psychologist. industrial/organizational psychologist. developmental psychologist. psychiatrist. biological psychologist.

For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Adam to contact a(n) ________ psychologist. industrial/organizational clinical personality biological social

Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent? developmental psychology industrial/organizational psychology biological psychology clinical psychology psychiatry

Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. developmental clinical social biological industrial/organizational

Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? social psychology clinical psychology biological psychology industrial/organizational psychology developmental psychology

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on: natural selection. brain chemistry. unconscious conflicts. learned behaviors. introspection.

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of: evolution versus natural selection. stage development versus continuous development. structuralism versus functionalism. behavior versus mental processes. nature versus nurture.

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective. evolutionary psychodynamic behavioral social-cultural cognitive

A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective. behavioral evolutionary social-cultural cognitive behavior genetics

Which perspective is most concerned with the unique ways in which individuals interpret their own life experiences? behavioral cognitive neuroscience behavior genetics psychodynamic

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders? personality psychology social psychology biological psychology clinical psychology developmental psychology

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective. social-cultural behavioral cognitive evolutionary psychodynamic

A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue. electrical stimulation X-ray photography radioactive bombardment destruction development

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) fMRI. hemispherectomy. ACh agonist. brain lesion. MRI.

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the amygdala. hippocampus. angular gyrus. corpus callosum. medulla.

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex? thalamus amygdala medulla hippocampus cerebellum

Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements? hypothalamus reticular formation thalamus amygdala cerebellum

Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear? amygdala thalamus cerebellum medulla dendrite

The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the reticular formation. hypothalamus. amygdala. cerebellum. thalamus.

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the angular gyrus. hypothalamus. motor cortex. reticular formation. frontal association area.

By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustrates neurogenesis. constraint-induced therapy. neural prosthetics. magnetic resonance imaging. hemispheric specialization.

Someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from which of the following? neurogenesis lesion aphasia angular gyrus interneurons

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech? sensory cortex angular gyrus association areas Wernicke's area hypothalamus

After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates phrenology. aphasia. hemispherectomy. plasticity. tomography.

Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called? plasticity reuptake neurogenesis reticular formation myelin cells

The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called neurogenesis. lateralization. hemispherectomy. plasticity. reticular formation.

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce aphasia. epileptic seizures. depression. neural plasticity. reward deficiency syndrome.

By professional training, Sigmund Freud was a philosopher. sociologist. physician. literary scholar. counselor.

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms resulted from the physical abuse they received from their parents during childhood. reflected an internal locus of control. illustrated a reciprocal determinism. made no neurological sense. were passed down genetically.

Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms? factor analysis free association projective testing fixation unconditional positive regard

Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques a humanistic perspective. terror-management theory. a social-cognitive perspective. psychoanalysis. reciprocal determinism.

According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by the reality principle. the ego. the superego. the id. anal instincts.

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________. unconscious; conscious biology; morality reality principle; pleasure principle regression; repression external locus of control; internal locus of control

Barry is a college freshman who seems more interested in partying with friends than studying, even though he is in danger of failing out of school. Freud would suggest that Barry's focus on present pleasures rather than on future success reveals the demands of the superego. a focus on the erogenous zones. an id-dominated person. fixation in the oral stage. displacement of aggressive impulses.

One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth—toys, balls, Mom's keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through the ________ stage of development. phallic anal genital latency oral

The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe the erogenous zones that are the focus of the latency stage. the passive dependence of someone who is orally fixated. children's efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority. boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother. girls' feelings of jealously and superiority caused by their close relationships with their father.

According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the ________ stage. oral genital phallic anal latency

Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to reciprocal determinism. the self-reference phenomenon. unconditional positive regard. an external locus of control. fixation.

Although Camile has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the defense mechanism of reaction formation. regression. repression. displacement. projection.

For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of displacement. an Oedipus complex. reaction formation. regression. projection.

Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of projection. displacement. regression. reaction formation. sublimation.

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is projection. reaction formation. rationalization. displacement. identification.

As her parents became increasingly more abusive toward her, Amity began, with apparent sincerity, to emphatically express her great admiration for her parents. Amity's behavior illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of regression. projection. displacement. rationalization. reaction formation.

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a regression. projection. denial. reaction formation. repression.

Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term oral fixation. reciprocal determinism. inferiority complex. unconditional positive regard. unconscious.

Karen Horney emphasized that childhood anxiety is caused by an Electra complex. the collective unconscious. erogenous zones. a sense of helplessness. the superego.

Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development. defense mechanisms social interactions the collective unconscious genetic predispositions psychosexual stages

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior. childhood sexual instincts. anxiety and defense mechanisms. distinguishing between id, ego, and superego. unconscious impulses and anxieties.

Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the self-reference phenomenon. defense mechanism. collective unconscious. psychosexual stages. external locus of control.

Projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective. social-cognitive psychoanalytic humanistic trait empirical

Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Rona was most likely responding to a(n) ________ test. projective Thematic Apperception multiphasic personality aptitude empirically derived

Survivors of traumatic events, such as rape or attempted murder, are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of this experience. This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of free association. learned helplessness. motivational conflict. repression. fixation.

According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for personal control. self-actualization. self-esteem. unconditional positive regard. reciprocal determinism.

Carl Rogers believed that in order to be a fully-functioning individual, you must have a strong ego. possess an optimistic explanatory style. challenge your feelings of inferiority. receive unconditional positive regard. perceive an internal locus of control.

Carl Rogers suggested that when the ideal and real self are nearly alike, then unconscious feelings of inferiority diminish. the use of defense mechanisms is unnecessary. the self-concept is positive. the individual perceives an internal locus of control. the person has high emotional stability.

Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success? psychoanalytic theorists social-cognitive theorists humanistic theorists trait theorists terror-management theorists

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n): trait. projection. Oedipus complex. false consensus effect. defense mechanism.

The MMPI is an example of a(n) projective test. personality inventory. inkblot test. self-esteem test. humanistic test.

Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined in managing his or her work? extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness openness candidness.

Which of the following are the "Big Five" personality factors? compassionate, actualized, noble, optimistic, even-tempered esteem, oppressive, nonviolent, academic, conventional openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism avoidant, calculating, nonconforming, excitable, overconfident collectivist, accepting, anxious, objective, empathic

Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates reaction formation. reciprocal determinism. unconditional positive regard. the self-reference phenomenon. an internal locus of control.

In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed programs experience an increase in unconditional positive regard. self-transcendence. the spotlight effect. self-control. reaction formation.

Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology, which focuses on topics such as positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions. optimism, projection, and fixation. the Barnum effect, the pessimism effect, and the collective unconscious. external locus of control, internal locus of control, and self-transcendence. free association, psychoanalysis, and the unconscious.

A researcher using the MMPI in a research study is most likely basing her or his hypothesis on which perspective on personality? trait humanistic psychoanalytic biological behavioral

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called external locus of control. self-serving bias. reaction formation. the spotlight effect. fixation.

Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part? "I really didn't prepare well enough for that test." "I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should have during the test." "I lack ability in history." "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing." "I'm not really a linear thinker, and that hurt me on the test."

Interdependence is to ________ as independence is to ________. internal locus of control; external locus of control nurture; nature chromosomes; genes collectivism; individualism collective unconscious; unconscious

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called priming. synaesthesia. accommodation. sensation. perception.

The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called sensory adaptation. parallel processing. sensation. perception. accommodation.

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates gate-control theory. choice blindness. gestalt. selective attention. opponent-process theory.

Researchers found that 40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking. This best illustrates feature detectors. the blind spot. the difference threshold. priming. change deafness.

Research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrated the blind spot. choice blindness. feature detectors. sensory interaction. perceptual adaptation.

When you are expecting an incoming text message, you are much more likely to notice it the second it arrives. This best illustrates priming. signal detection theory. difference thresholds. absolute thresholds. Weber's law.

Audiotapes of soothing ocean sounds accompanied by faint and imperceptible verbal messages designed to increase a desire to lose weight best illustrate synaesthesia. sensory interaction. subliminal stimulation. parallel processing. difference thresholds.

Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of sensory adaptation. interposition. retinal disparity. priming. prosopagnosia.

Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of absolute thresholds. difference thresholds. sensory adaptation. sensory interaction. parallel processing.

Light-wave amplitude determines the intensity of colors. color hue we experience. firing of rods in the retina. curvature and thickness of the lens. parallel processing of a scene.

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the fovea. iris. cornea. pupil. blind spot.

Compared with rods, cones are more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail. more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. more sensitive to any light and less sensitive to fine detail.

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the blind spot. pupil. visual cortex. cornea. lens.

The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates sensory interaction. kinesthesis. parallel processing. subliminal perception. blindsight.

Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustrates subliminal perception. sensory adaptation. synaesthesia. blindsight. the McGurk effect.

Which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages? trichromatic opponent-process place frequency signal-detection

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the vestibular sacs. semicircular canals. inner ear. cochlea. middle ear.

The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the eustachian tube. auditory canal. semicircular canal. cochlea. vestibular apparatus.

Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds? place theory opponent-process theory frequency theory the Young-Helmholtz theory gate-control theory

Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound. intensity pitch loudness location amplitude

Alex tickles his brother by stroking adjacent ________ spots on his skin. pressure warmth cold pain kinesthesis

Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride? olfactory receptors feature detectors basilar membranes semicircular canals eardrum

Which of the following sensory receptors detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals? bipolar hair cells nociceptors ganglion olfactory

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the basilar membrane. semicircular canals. olfactory bulb. spinal cord. fovea.

The brain's release of endorphins reduces pain. tinnitus. prosopagnosia. retinal disparity. sensation.

Which of the following best illustrates the impact of central nervous system activity in the absence of normal sensory input? tinnitus kinesthesis transduction accommodation gestalt

After losing his left hand in an accident, Jack continued to experience pain in his nonexistent hand. His experience illustrates bottom-up processing. sensory adaptation. phantom limb sensations. the vestibular sense. top-down processing.

Which basic taste attracts us to protein-rich foods? sweet salty sour umami bitter

With her eyes closed and her nose plugged, Chandra was unable to taste the difference between an onion and a pear. Her experience best illustrates the importance of sensory interaction. sensory transduction. sensory adaptation. accommodation. subliminal stimulation.

Many researchers believe that pleasing tastes attracted our ancestors to energy- or protein-rich foods that enabled their survival. Such researchers are most likely behavior geneticists. behaviorists. evolutionary psychologists. molecular geneticists. neuropsychologists.

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following? pain sensations altered states of consciousness vivid memories subliminal perception retinal disparity

Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts? evolutionary psychologists parapsychologists behaviorists Gestalt psychologists psychoanalysts

While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization? similarity proximity connectedness closure figure and ground

The perceived size of an object is most strongly influenced by that object's perceived shape. color. distance. motion. frequency.

Renny knew the red tulip was closer to her than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger retinal image than the yellow one. This illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as relative size. interposition. proximity. relative height. continuity.

The perceived size of an object is most strongly influenced by that object's perceived shape. color. distance. motion. frequency.

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of retinal disparity. perceptual set. shape constancy. binocular cues. perceptual adaptation.

A perceptual set is a tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete, whole object. readiness to perceive an object in an unfairly negative fashion. tendency to view objects higher in our field of vision as closer. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. conditioned response to a perceived event.

John Locke would have suggested that a perceptual set results from retinal disparity. psychokinesis. natural selection. prior experience. genetics.

Parapsychology refers to the study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis. study of perceptual illusions. study of the phi phenomenon. direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another. direct transduction of energy into neural impulses.

Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of dissociation. narcolepsy. the circadian rhythm. night terrors. sleep apnea.

Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep? The sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes. During REM sleep the muscles are tense and brain waves reveal deep relaxation. As sleep progresses, Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases. Most of a night's sleep is spent in Stage 4 and REM. Everyone needs 8 hours of sleep per night.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active.

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime. make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping. wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming. wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming. use posthypnotic suggestion to increase the chances of dream recall.

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in narcolepsy. sleep apnea. paradoxical sleep. posthypnotic amnesia. physical growth.

Which of the following is true of night terrors? They are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence. They are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis. They jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness. They typically occur during Stage 4 sleep. They involve the temporary inability to breathe.

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream. neuroadaptation circadian rhythm latent content manifest content NREM cycle

Research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in ________ than in ________. artists; scientists infants; adults females; males older adults; adolescents higher economic classes; lower economic classes

Hypnosis involves a state of increased physical stamina. heightened openness to suggestion. improved perceptual skills. elevated autonomic arousal. low-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves.

Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories? They are accurate except for minor details. The combine fact and fiction. They are difficult to dispute. They are produced by people looking for attention. They are the dissociated part of a person's memory.

While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of age regression. posthypnotic suggestion. activation-synthesis theory. posthypnotic amnesia. paradoxical sleep.

Drug tolerance refers to the absence of pain or anxiety following the use of a drug. loss of social inhibitions following drug use. discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of a drug. reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage. belief that drug use should be legalized.

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of narcolepsy. neuroadaptation. dissociation. physical dependence. REM rebound.

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has reduced his sexual desire. destroyed some of his brain cells. reduced his self-awareness. directed his attention to the future. increased his level of sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill? Alcohol and sleeping pills are stimulants; their combined action could lead to a heart attack. Alcohol and sleeping pills can both dehydrate the body, causing severe overheating, increased blood pressure, and death. Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death. Alcohol and sleeping pills cause hallucinations that feel so real the person can experience severe panic or harm himself or herself. Alcohol and sleeping pills both disrupt immediate memory formation, leading to severe impairment.

Morphine and heroin are amphetamines. opiates. hallucinogens. barbiturates. stimulants.

Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen? marijuana Nembutal Ecstasy heroin LSD

Which of the following is a psychedelic drug? LSD cocaine heroin caffeine nicotine

Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol dependence if one or both biological parents have a history of it. This indicates that alcohol dependence is psychoactive. an age regression. genetically influenced. a form of narcolepsy. dissociative in nature.

Research suggests that an important factor contributing to drug abuse by youth and young adults is having a parent who suffers from narcolepsy. feeling that one's life is meaningless. abnormally high levels of the brain chemical NPY. sleep apnea. disturbing latent content in dreams.

The discovery that high-frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane supports the ________ theory. gate-control frequency Young-Helmholtz opponent-process place

According to frequency theory most sound waves are a complex mixture of many frequencies. high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of the basilar membrane. the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard. frequent or prolonged stimulation of a sensory receptor causes that receptor to become less sensitive. we hear different pitches because different sound waves cause different parts of the nerve cells in the cochlea to fire.

The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of temperature. color. brightness. pain. pitch.

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on accommodation. sensory adaptation. the vestibular sense. olfactory receptors. subliminal stimulation.

A football player was tackled hard during a very physical game, but he did not feel any pain until the post-game celebration party. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? Phantom pain sensations occur when the brain misinterprets spontaneous central nervous system activity. Psychological factors, such as distraction, can diminish pain sensations. Small nerve fibers in the spinal cord were activated, stopping the pain signals. Sensors in the kinesthetic system released pain-killing endorphins. The process of accommodation delayed pain sensations from reaching the brain.

Which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain? signal detection theory opponent-process theory gate-control theory frequency theory parallel processing

We tend to perceive more pain when others around us also report feeling pain. This research finding indicates that pain perception is affected by both biological and what other influences? genetic neural hormonal humanistic social-cultural

If we see a speaker mouthing day while actually hearing someone else saying may, we may perceive a third syllable bay that blends both inputs. This phenomenon is known as prosopagnosia. sensory adaptation. blindsight. accommodation. the McGurk effect.

Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense? touch kinesthesis audition vision smell

The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called retinal disparity. monocular cues. perceptual constancy. depth perception. sensory interaction.

The philosopher John Locke believed that people learn to perceive the world through experience. are endowed at birth with perceptual skills. experience the whole as different from the sum of its parts. are unable to adapt to an inverted visual world. are born with the ability to perceptually adapt.

A perceptual set is a tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete, whole object. readiness to perceive an object in an unfairly negative fashion. tendency to view objects higher in our field of vision as closer. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. conditioned response to a perceived event.

An integrated understanding of perception in terms of our sensory capacities, cultural contexts, and Gestalt principles is most clearly provided by human factors psychology. a biopsychosocial approach. Weber's law. parapsychology. opponent-process theory.

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that consciousness is easily understood and defined. conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds. the definition of consciousness is constantly evolving. behaviorism explains many psychological phenomena. advances in neuroscience make it possible to relate brain activity to our mental states.

Consciousness is the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory. our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Circadian rhythm refers to the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight. the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep. a pattern of brain waves that occur during sleep.

Alpha waves are associated with REM sleep. Stage 2 sleep. Stage 3 sleep. Stage 4 sleep. relaxed but awake state.

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called alpha waves. beta waves. delta waves. theta waves. sleep spindles.

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with sleep spindles. dissociation. REM sleep. sleep apnea. NREM sleep.

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every 30 minutes. 90 minutes. 2 1/2 hours. 4 hours. 1.5 days.

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in narcolepsy. sleep apnea. paradoxical sleep. posthypnotic amnesia. physical growth.

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver? night terrors insomnia sleepwalking narcolepsy sleep apnea

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from sleep apnea. narcolepsy. insomnia. night terrors. aphasia.

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from night terrors. narcolepsy. sleep spindles. sleep apnea. insomnia.

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream. neuroadaptation circadian rhythm latent content manifest content NREM cycle

Hypnosis involves a state of increased physical stamina. heightened openness to suggestion. improved perceptual skills. elevated autonomic arousal. low-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves.

Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of age regression. posthypnotic suggestion. hypnagogic sensations. REM rebound. parallel processing.

A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called narcolepsy. dissociation. paradoxical sleep. posthypnotic suggestion. withdrawal.

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs. neuroadaptive narcoleptic psychoactive hypnagogic dissociative

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called intolerance. narcolepsy. withdrawal. REM rebound. dissociation.

Physical pain and intense cravings indicate age regression. dissociation. physical dependence. REM rebound. sleep apnea.

Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates narcolepsy. REM rebound. psychological dependence. the pop-out phenomenon. dissociation.

Alcohol is considered a(n) stimulant. hallucinogen. depressant. opiate. both a depressant and a hallucinogen.

Morphine and heroin are amphetamines. opiates. hallucinogens. barbiturates. stimulants.

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. marijuana; hallucinogen marijuana; stimulant cocaine; stimulant cocaine; hallucinogen heroin; depressant

Who introduced the term behaviorism? John Garcia B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov Albert Bandura John B. Watson

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? operant conditioning observational learning classical conditioning negative reinforcement latent learning

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented at the same time as the US. shortly before the CR. shortly after the US. shortly before the US. shortly after the CR.

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred. latent learning extinction discrimination generalization negative reinforcement

Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates extinction. generalization. discrimination. shaping. acquisition.

Who is the American Psychologist associated with the functionalism school of thought?

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of spontaneous recovery. intermittent reinforcement. discrimination. shaping. latent learning.

First woman to receive a Ph. D in psychology

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates learned helplessness. negative reinforcement. latent learning. partial reinforcement. observational learning.

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by Watson's behaviorism. a biopsychosocial approach. the law of effect. operant conditioning. Pavlov's experiments.

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a US. CR. NS. UR. CS.

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was B. F. Skinner. Albert Bandura. John B. Watson. John Garcia. Ivan Pavlov.

The law of effect refers to the tendency to: learn in the absence of reinforcement. repeat behaviors that are rewarded. lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity. enhance conditioning using strict responses. learn associations between consecutive stimuli.

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as intrinsic motivation. conditioned stimuli. modeling. latent learning. shaping.

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called secondary reinforcement. modeling. intermittent reinforcement. shaping. generalization.

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates latent learning. generalization. spontaneous recovery. modeling. shaping.

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers? Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding.

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer. positive partial negative secondary delayed

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer. negative positive intermittent conditioned partial

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. reinforcement; punishment immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers. negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers. partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement. latent learning rather than shaping. classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) unpredictable time period has elapsed. specific number of rewards and punishments are applied. specified time period has elapsed. unpredictable number of responses have been made. specified number of responses have been made.

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) specified number of responses has been made. specified time period has elapsed. the desired behavior is performed a set number of times. unpredictable time period has elapsed. unpredictable number of responses has been made.

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. fixed-ratio variable-ratio conditioned-response fixed-interval variable-interval

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors. punishment cannot temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors. although punishments delivered by parents can be effective, teacher-delivered punishments usually have little effect. the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school. children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary.

When 4-year-old Michael hit his sister, his Mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be positive punishment. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. continuous reinforcement. negative punishment.

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered negative reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment. positive reinforcement. continuous reinforcement.

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called cognitive maps. discriminative stimuli. primary reinforcers. intrinsic motives. successive approximations.

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of latent learning. secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. generalization. shaping.

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________. a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule operant conditioning; classical conditioning intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation spontaneous recovery; acquisition insight learning; latent learning

In explaining prosocial behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior. genetic influences. the internalization of moral values. empathy and compassion. an unconscious need for social approval.

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of delayed reinforcement. shaping. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. observational learning.

Which of the following is an example of biofeedback? Kecia successfully quits smoking after her psychologist has her smoke so rapidly she cannot tolerate another cigarette. Chico learns to lower his blood pressure by meditating twice a day. Jane decides to work fewer hours after seeing a film linking stress with cancer. Guy learns to stop crying after being rewarded with gold stars for bravery. Milos learns to relax by being provided with information on changes in his heart rate.

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of observational learning. intrinsic motivation. respondent behavior. associative learning. latent learning.

Classical conditioning involves a learned association between two responses. behavior and its consequence. two stimuli. two reinforcers. reinforcers and punishers.

After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operant conditioning to train a dog to "sit" by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However, the behavior may diminish if the treats are discontinued. Both examples illustrate extinction. generalization. discrimination. spontaneous recovery. cognitive processes.

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of shaping. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. modeling. immediate reinforcement.

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of unconditioned stimuli. intrinsic motives. cognitive maps. extrinsic motives. mirror neurons.

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of respondent behavior. operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery. observational learning. negative reinforcement.

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to modeling. extinguishing. generalizing. punishing. discriminating.

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges. viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively. although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression, there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression. there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. viewing violence is cathartic and lessens aggressive impulses.

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to operant conditioning. the law of effect. spontaneous recovery. the violence-viewing effect. instinctive drift.

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? running through a maze to get a food reward sweating in hot weather clapping after a thrilling concert performance getting money as a reward playing jump rope

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the CS. US. CR. UR. SR.

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of habituation. shaping. latent learning. delayed reinforcement. generalization.

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. fixed-interval intermittent-continuous fixed-ratio variable-ratio variable-interval

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule. fixed-interval partial-interval variable-ratio variable-interval fixed-ratio

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. fixed-interval fixed-ratio variable-interval variable-ratio partial-delayed

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates shaping. latent learning. delayed reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. modeling.

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called primary reinforcers. successive approximations. discriminative stimuli. cognitive maps. intrinsic motives.

Caroline was halfway through writing an essay for her English class, when she couldn't think of what to say next. She decided to stop working on the essay for a while. When she returned to her desk, she suddenly realized what she should write. Caroline's experience best illustrates latent learning. spontaneous recovery. insight. intrinsic motivation. shaping.

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves latent learning. extrinsic motivation. partial reinforcement. delayed reinforcers. classical conditioning.

Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior? shaping delayed reinforcement observational learning immediate reinforcement classical conditioning

Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for: the law of effect. spontaneous recovery. observational learning. extrinsic motivation. insight learning.

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning. shaping generalization modeling respondent behavior secondary reinforcement

Dendrites are branching extensions of neurons. endorphins. endocrine glands. myelin. neurotransmitters.

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron. axon to the dendrites to the cell body axon to the cell body to the dendrites dendrites to the cell body to the axon cell body to the axon to the dendrites dendrites to the axon to the cell body

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the refractory period. agonist. myelin sheath. synapse. action potential.

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the myelin sheath. dendrites. thresholds. endocrine gland. pituitary gland.

Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________. sensory neuron; motor neuron adrenal gland; pituitary gland dendrite; axon temporal lobe; occipital lobe polarization; depolarization

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is primarily electrical rather than chemical. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. inhibited by the myelin sheath. an all-or-none response. delayed by the refractory period.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the axon. threshold. myelin sheath. synaptic gap. cell body.

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place? depolarization the all-or-none response a refractory period reuptake an action potential

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as acetylcholine. epinephrine. dopamine. endorphin. insulin.

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as endorphins. dopamine. serotonin. epinephrine. acetylcholine.

Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce epinephrine. dopamine. acetylcholine. endorphins. glutamate.

Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce epinephrine. dopamine. acetylcholine. endorphins. glutamate.

Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule? agonists endorphins autonomics antagonists endocrines

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. autonomic peripheral parasympathetic sympathetic central

An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system. central; peripheral autonomic; somatic parasympathetic; sympathetic sympathetic; parasympathetic somatic; autonomic

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) neural network. threshold. action potential. neurotransmitter. reflex.

People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple ACh agonists. endorphins. neural networks. ACh antagonists. dendrites.

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the neurotransmitters. action potential. spinal cord. resting potential. endocrine system.

Hormones are the chemical messengers of the central nervous system. endocrine system. action potential. autonomic nervous system. peripheral nervous system.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into dendrites. sensory neurons. interneurons. the bloodstream. synaptic gaps.

Mandy came home late. As she reached to turn on the kitchen light, her hand brushed against something unexpected. Her adrenal glands, as a part of the "fight-or-flight" response, released epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increased her heart rate and blood pressure. Even after she realized it was just the curtain, her excited feelings lingered. This example illustrates that endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages. how chemicals can amplify or block a neurotransmitter's activity. the all-or-none response in neural firing. that a resting axon has gates that block positive sodium ions. how the myelin sheath insulates and increases the speed of neural messages.

Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n) MRI. endorphin. EEG. lesion. synapse.

The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n) PET scan. MRI. brain lesion. EEG. hemispherectomy.

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is limbic system; cerebral cortex; brainstem. brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex. limbic system; brainstem; cerebral cortex. brainstem; cerebral cortex; limbic system. cerebral cortex; brainstem; limbic system.

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the angular gyrus. amygdala. medulla. corpus callosum. hippocampus.

The reticular formation is located in the motor cortex. cerebellum. brainstem. sensory cortex. limbic system.

Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name? amygdala medulla reticular formation cerebellum hypothalamus

Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your angular gyrus. thalamus. corpus callosum. amygdala. hippocampus.

After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty understanding what others are saying. playing his guitar. tasting the flavors of foods. experiencing intense emotions. reading printed words.

Thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones. These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain region influences the endocrine system? reticular formation thalamus hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus

Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories? medulla thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus cerebellum

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's amygdala. thalamus. medulla. reticular formation. cerebellum.

The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex. sensory cortex. reticular formation. cerebellum. corpus callosum.

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________. sensing pleasure; sensing pain speaking; hearing seeing; hearing seeing; sensing touch hearing; sensing movement

Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo? frontal lobes parietal lobes association areas temporal lobes occipital lobes

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior? sensory cortex frontal lobes temporal lobes Broca's area parietal lobes

To trigger a person's hand to make a fist, José Delgado stimulated the individual's motor cortex. sensory cortex. hypothalamus. limbic system. reticular formation.

By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustrates hemispheric specialization. constraint-induced therapy. neural prosthetics. neurogenesis. magnetic resonance imaging.

Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following? More neurotransmitters are released when the lips are touched. A larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips. The medulla routes impulses from the lips directly to our brainstem. Our lips are directly connected to the sensory cortex, but our knees are not. The dendrites connected to the lips are especially sensitive.

The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area? hypothalamus temporal lobes motor cortex amygdala sensory cortex

A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure? occipital lobes frontal lobes Broca's area corpus callosum sensory cortex

The association areas are located in the thalamus. limbic system. cerebral cortex. spinal cord. brainstem.

The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as interneurons. frontal lobes. parietal lobes. association areas. Broca's area.

The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the association areas. sensory areas. reticular formation. cerebellum. medulla.

The region of your cerebral cortex that enables you to recognize a person as your own mother is the angular gyrus. the limbic system. Wernicke's area. Broca's area. an association area.

The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the association areas. sympathetic nervous system. limbic system. sensory cortex. reticular formation.

Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech? association areas Broca's area hypothalamus angular gyrus sensory cortex

Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language? Men and women process speech in different parts of the brain, determined primarily by genetics and early environmental conditions. Speech is such an important function of the brain that the right temporal lobe is devoted to it. The brainstem processes the basic parts of speech and communicates with the frontal lobe's motor cortex. Speech is primarily controlled in the occipital lobes, although association areas in the parietal lobes are also involved. Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed by different parts of the brain.

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain aphasia. hemispherectomy. phrenology. tomography. plasticity.

The goal of constraint-induced therapy is to destroy tiny clusters of defective cells, leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed. help those in whom damage to the angular gyrus has left them unable to read aloud. rewire damaged brains by forcing patients to use a nonfunctioning limb. eliminate epileptic seizures by cutting the corpus callosum. trigger the release of dopamine in specific brain regions associated with reward centers.

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the medulla. reticular formation. limbic system. corpus callosum. angular gyrus.

The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut. angular gyrus reticular formation corpus callosum sensory cortex motor cortex

Deaf people who use sign language typically process language in the right hemisphere rather than the left. recognize facial expressions of emotion with their left rather than their right cerebral hemisphere. have a smaller corpus callosum than hearing persons. process language in their left cerebral hemisphere. demonstrate greater mathematical competence than hearing persons.

Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that "much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness"? interneurons dual processing cerebral cortex reticular formation limbic system

Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to psychometricians. behavior geneticists. humanistic psychologists. Freudian psychologists. evolutionary psychologists.

A human sperm cell contains 23 genes. 92 DNA strands. 46 genes. 23 chromosomes. 46 chromosomes.

Chromosomes are composed of synapses. deoxyribonucleic acid. neurotransmitters. hormones. nuclei.

DNA is a complex sex hormone. neuron. action potential. synapse. molecule.

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a chromosome. gene. hormone. neurotransmitter. mutation.

Chromosomes are located within human neurotransmitters. unconscious. gender schemas. bone cells. genes.

The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's chromosomes is called the DNA molecule. heritability index. schema. genome. zygote.

Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development. natural selection genetic predispositions adoptive relatives mutation home environments

Identical twins separated at birth would be most likely to have similar norms. personality. food preferences. political ideas. religious beliefs.

To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of DNA. cloning. interaction. natural selection. twin studies.

A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n) behavior geneticist. humanist. social psychologist. evolutionary psychologist. behaviorist.

Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in personality? Elizabeth and Betsy, mother and daughter Larry and Laura, brother and sister Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son Philip and Paul, fraternal twins Ruth and Ramona, identical twins

Why is it incorrect to say that 50 percent heritability of intelligence means that the cause of your intelligence is 50 percent genetic and 50 percent environmental? because heritability increases as environments change because heritability accounts for variations among people, not in specific individuals because nurture controls intelligence levels, not nature because genes are the basis for our behavior, environment has no impact because unrelated individuals share common genes

Many genes respond to environmental conditions, reacting to different environmental contexts in different ways. This characteristic of genes is called what? self-regulation chromosomes evolution genotype heritability

People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates the reciprocal influence of norms and roles. the importance of nurture rather than nature. the impact of personality on gender identity. that ideas about gender and social roles are complementary. the interaction of nature and nurture.

Molecular behavior geneticists seek links between __________ and specific disorders. environment chromosomes proteins behavior genes

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of behaviorism. naturalistic observation. genome mapping. humanism. natural selection

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of behavior genetics. natural selection. molecular genetics. environment. self-regulation.

Natural selection acts on individuals. proteins. populations. siblings. cells.

The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a specific environment is known as heritability. natural selection. cloning. genome. behavior genetics.

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted cultural diversity. collectivism. reproductive success. individualism. personal happiness.

Our adaptive flexibility in responding to different environments contributes to our fitness, which refers to the interaction of our genes with the environment. our resistance to genetic mutations. random errors in the replication of genes. the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes. our ability to survive and reproduce.

How do evolutionary psychologists explain why pregnant women from cultures across the world tend to avoid bitter, strongly flavored foods? Most cultures educate women about the dangers of certain foods on a developing fetus. Historical preferences toward or against certain tastes tend to change as cultures change. Women and men have genetic differences in taste preferences. Pregnant women tend to associate with one another and they acquire similar food preferences through social conformity. Bitter tastes can be an indication of foods toxic toward a developing baby, so this preference developed through natural selection.

According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be socially prohibited. genetically predisposed. disease-producing. hormonally adaptive. ecologically disruptive.

According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the ________ of our ancestors. mutation intelligence neuroticism reproductive success heredity

Compared with women, men are ________ likely to sacrifice to gain sex and ________ likely to perceive warm responses as a sexual come-on. less; more more; more not; more not; less more; less

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women. greater reproductive potential stronger personalities a weaker sense of empathy larger bodies more insecurities

Brittla frequents only the most expensive clubs in an effort to attract a desirable mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of behaviorism. mutation. social pressure. her upbringing. genetic predispositions

Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that men are ________ likely than women to prefer mates with a fertile-looking appearance and ________ likely than women to prefer mates with wealth and social status. more; equally less; less more; less more; more less; more

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that men will marry women who are ________ than they are. younger less wealthy more sexually experienced less physically attractive more aggressive toward sexual rivals

Which of the following fictional research findings is the best evidence against the idea that "biology is destiny"? Testosterone levels are associated with incarceration rates. Babies are born with the ability to turn away from frightening stimuli. Women have larger and more active brain structures than men. Cognitive therapy can help people change unwanted personality traits. Early humans gradually developed aversions to bitter-tasting foods because many poisons were bitter.

Which of the following fictional research findings is the best evidence against the idea that "our lives are determined by our experiences"? Reinforcements, like praise from caregivers, are the most powerful motivator for most children. IQ scores can change drastically (more than one standard deviation) after children are provided enriched environments. Babies are born with personalities that are relatively stable throughout their lives. The political opinions of adopted children are closer to those of their adopted parents than those of their biological parents. Extremely stressful experiences can change overall optimistic explanatory styles into more pessimistic styles.

According to opinion polls, how do scientists and nonscientists react differently to the idea of evolution? Most "hard" scientists, like physicists and chemists, think that evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complex, and most nonscientists agree. There is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution. Scientists are mostly (66%) agreed that evolution is a valid theory, and most nonscientists believe evolution describes the natural world well. Belief in evolutionary theory is split along religious lines among scientists and nonscientists. Scientists and most nonscientists agree that evolutionary theory describes animal development well, but not human

How have gender roles in the United States changed over time? Traditional masculine or feminine traits are not as significant in mate selection as they were in the past. Biological factors were once thought to influence gender roles, but recent research indicates that genes do not influence gender roles. Gender roles have changed relatively little when measured using objective surveys. The rate of women's participation in traditionally male occupations has not changed significantly in the past three decades. Gender roles for women discouraged aggressive behavior in the past, but now women and men have equal rates of aggression.

Which psychological perspective most directly addresses questions about the relative influences of nature and nurture? biopsychosocial perspective psychopharmacology cognitive perspective behavioral perspective humanistic perspective

The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was psychoanalysis. behaviorism. functionalism. structuralism. Gestalt psychology.