Modes of action that so not conform to the norms and values accepted by a significant number of people in society. Any act that violates a norm.
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What are the three perameters to recognize crime?
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Time, Place, and public consensus.
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What is criminal deviance and some examples?
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Involves violating a criminal law and away from social norms. EX. Homocide, rape, robbery, gambling.
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What is non criminal deviance and some examples?
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Involves moving away from society's norms. Ex. Using pornography, mental disorder, binge drinking
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Who linked physical characteristics to crime?
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Cesare Lombroso with the skull shape.
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Who viewed muscular types as biological deviance?
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William Sheldon
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Biological and Psychological views located deviance in the ______ while sociological locate deviance in the ____.
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person, act
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What was Emile Durkheim's functionalist theory?
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Deviance benefits society by enhancing conformity, strengthening social solidarity, safely releasing discontent, and inducing social change.
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What is Robert Merton's strain theory?
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Deviance is caused by society's stressing the importance of success without offering equal opportunities for achieving it.
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What is the focus of functionalist theories about deviance?
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Crime and deviance are produced by structural tensions and lack of moral regulation within society.
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What is Albert Cohen's functionalist theory?
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Contradictions of society cause crime happening through sub cultures.
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What is R. Cloward and L. Ohlin's functionalist theory of crime?
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Subcultural communities where chances of achieving legitimate success are slim.
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What is the focus of reinforcement throries?
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Deviance as a "reward" & "punishment". We learn deviance from significant others.
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Who invented the differential association theory and what is it?
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Edwin H. Sutherland. Deviance arises from association with other members of groups that carry an excess of pro or anti-deviant definitions.
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What is Travis Hirschi's control theory?
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Crime is the outcome of the imbalance between impulses to criminal activity and controls to deter it.
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What is the focus of symbolic interactions?
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Deviance as socially constructed phenomenon.
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What is the Labeling theory and who discovered it?
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Howard S. Becker. Being labeled deviant by society leads people to see themselves as deviant and live up to the self-image.
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What is primary and secondary deviation?
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initial act of transgression, and individual accepts the label and sees oneself as deviant.
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What is the focus of conflict theories?
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Analyze crime and deviance in terms of structure of society, competing interests between social groups, and preservation of power. Product of inequality.
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What was the conflict theory for William Chambliss?
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Law enforcement favors the rich and powerful over the poor and weak.
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What was the conflict theory for Richard Quinney?
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The dominant class produces deviance by making and enforcing laws, oppressing the subordinate class, and spreading crime ideology.
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What is the conflict theory for Marxists?
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Deviance comes from exploitative nature of capitalism.
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What is a white collar crime?
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Criminal activities carried out by those in professional jobs.
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Who coined the term "White Collar Crime?"
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Edwin Sutherland
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What is corporate crime?
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Offenses committed by large corporations.
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What are some examples of corporate crimes?
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Enron, Martha Stewart, Global Communications.
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Who coined the term "Organized Crime?"
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Manuel Castells
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