Sociology Exam 2

Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance?

Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?

In industrialized societies, social sanctions are most often

A crime such as burglary is known as which type of deviance?

Punishments that are based on the usually under expressed but widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as

Which of Émile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?

Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance?

A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery. He doesn't know what to do with his life anymore or how to spend his time, so he becomes depressed and commits suicide. Émile Durkheim would say he has committed the ________ type of suicide.

A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants, in which participants perform largely the same functions, has ________ solidarity.

What is one difference between street crime and white-collar crime?

In a foraging society, most people are very similar in their knowledge, skill, and everyday practices such as gathering and hunting. Émile Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a foraging society is:

When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in?

Shelly shoplifted once. Her peers on social media have labeled her "shoplifting Shelly," and this label follows her everywhere online and at school. She feels hopeless and shoplifts regularly now to alleviate her anxiety and because it is what everyone expects her to do anyway. Labeling theory would interpret her ongoing shoplifting as:

According to Émile Durkheim's research, what is the primary reason that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide than Catholics and Jews?

After serving a long prison sentence for grand theft auto, Charles stole another car. This is an example of:

In 1973, the governor of New York State enacted legislation mandating increased prison terms for drug possession and sale. This attempt to decrease drug-related crime operates on what premise?

When an elementary school student is labeled the "class clown" by his teacher and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting silly, the class clown label has become a:

When people in a society form social bonds and relate to each other on a daily basis, the society is said to exhibit:

David Rosenhan sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital, saying they were "hearing voices." Each pseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating ________ theory.

Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban theorist Jane Jacobs called:

If a label is said to be "sticky" when referring to deviance, it means that:

After a student drops out of high school, he becomes labeled a "drop-out," and his subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label. Those subsequent actions are called:

How does social context affect crime, according to the broken windows theory?

This figure shows crime rising and falling quite rapidly and drastically. A sociological interpretation of these trends would emphasize that:

Social deviance is a breach of ________; crime is a breach of ________.

A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as:

Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging, paradoxically it also:

The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:

One of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is:

Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as:

Jennifer goes out at night with a spray can and writes on a stop sign. She successfully vandalizes for the first time. Labeling theorists would call this ________ deviance.

J. P. Morgan trader Bruno Iksil placed a giant risky trade and lost $6 billion for the bank. His boss and assistant conspired to cover up the losses by filing false reports. These crimes are known as:

Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance?

An elementary school isn't a total institution because:

A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Robert Merton as a(n):

A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following?

What were the types of suicide described by Émile Durkheim?

Using Émile Durkheim's definitions, many feminists would say that 1950s housewives were more likely to commit the ________ type of suicide.

Why is it so difficult to track the crime rate over time?

Punishments that are overt expressions of official group sentiments toward deviants are also known as:

You are dependent on your professor for your grade. Your professor, in turn, is dependent on you for his or her job. Hegel would call this a(n):

Vilfredo Pareto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability, called:

Which of the following is a type of social stratification?

Jim gets a job in a group home for disabled adults. The executive director tells Jim that if he works hard and earns favorable reviews, he could work his way up to a position of greater responsibility and income. Such a system is referred to as:

A stratification system with a governing elite—that is, few leaders who broadly hold the power in society—is called a(n) ________ system.

Although Indian castes historically have been ________, increasing rates of ________ have made classifying children more difficult.

Hegel argued that notions of inequality are constantly evolving in a larger historical arc and will eventually lead to:

College student Jerry says disease, natural disasters, and even war serve a greater purpose. His friends say his views are offensive, and Jerry replies, "But I'm a Malthusian!" Along with Thomas Malthus, Jerry believes that the benefit of problems that wipe out large number of humans is that:

C. Wright Mills had a negative view of the elite-mass dichotomy. His view fits with the ________ paradigm.

Lisa Geesh is a U.S. senator who supports policies that give preferential treatment to disadvantaged groups in employment and education. She is concerned with:

Liam has only a high school education. His job counselor recommends ________, because it is the fastest-growing job for people with only a high school education.

Denise, who comes from a lower-middle-class family, obtained a college degree, interned at a company, worked at that company for many years, and is now its CEO. Denise's experiences support the idea of:

An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n):

The game of Monopoly exemplifies equality of:

Sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through their occupation but also through:

Emilia is studying global development, and in investigating underdevelopment in Africa, she turns to economist Jeffrey Sachs. She agrees with Sachs's point of view, that:

Akamai is a paralegal for a law firm in Manhattan. He gets a new job as a paralegal for a law firm in Boston. Sociologists see such a shift as ________mobility.

Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United States ideologically justify its type of stratification system?

Trade of goods and services across national boundaries, as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration, is called:

Which social stratification system was favored in feudal Europe and the American South before the Civil War?

In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve assistance are often termed the:

Elliot Essman asserts that America is a(n) ________ because the very wealthy do not have much impact on the country in general.

Carrie, Max, and Lisa are friends in high school. Over the years, Carrie becomes a carpenter. Max becomes a computer programmer. Lisa becomes a physician. The government regulates salaries such that Carrie, Max, and Lisa are paid similar salaries, live in similar neighborhoods, and enjoy relatively equal standards of living. What standard of equality would this be an example of?

Hegel felt that the relationship between slave and master was dialectic. This meant that:

Roman is an activist who would like to see humans live in a state of sharing, equality, and harmony. His friend Omar says, "But if everyone shared and everyone thrived, wouldn't there be too many people?" If Roman and Omar read Thomas Malthus, they would consider the notion that ________keeps the population in check.

Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?

Vilfredo Pareto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability, called:

Which of the following is an example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice?

A Hegelian perspective shows that the ________ relationship is alive and well today in industries such as tomato picking.

What group sells its labor to the bourgeoisie to receive wages?

The rise or fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called ________ social mobility.

Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called:

An entire caste in India may use language, education, or religion to shift its status in the hierarchy. Such a process is called:

C. Wright Mills argues that there are three major institutions in the United States today that have the power to make decisions for the masses. What are they?

C. Wright Mills had a negative view of the elite-mass dichotomy. His view fits with the ________ paradigm.

In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve assistance are often termed the:

When sociologists study how race and ethnicity affect income, they are studying the topic of:

The effect of globalization has been to bifurcate labor into:

The typical African American family has about ________ of the net worth of the typical white family.

Which of the following is a type of social stratification?

Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:

Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. Which of the following is true about sexuality?

Many people believe sex to be an either/or situation (either male or female), but sociologists believe these pure categories are:

In the one-sex model, it was believed that both a man's and a woman's orgasm were required for conception. When the two-sex model gained momentum, women and men were viewed as radically different creatures, and the female orgasm became viewed as:

Judith Lorber believes that gender is a social institution because it is:

Which of the following examples calls into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking?

Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be:

Anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo believed women were usually lower in the stratification system because of their identification with:

In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization?

Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is important because:

Steve is a white American whose family has lived in the United States for 200 years. During the Olympics, Steve cheers for Britain in swimming, because, he says, "I'm British!" During soccer, he cheers for Sweden, saying, "I have some Swedish in me, too!" Steve is displaying:

During European colonialism, ethnocentrism classified whites as normal, and nonwhites as abnormal and inferior, to help justify:

According to Peggy McIntosh (1988), which of the following statements about "being white" is most accurate? If you are white,

Which group believed that different races were distinct species?

When Shelly, a white American, sees a Middle Eastern man, she worries that he may be a terrorist. She would never say this and would never take action on these thoughts, but nonetheless, they come into her mind. Despite her commitment to fair treatment, she is harboring:

A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group is statistically:

Phrenology was an early-twentieth-century pseudoscience that read people's intelligence, capacities, and race from:

Which act formalized the exclusive definition of whiteness by imposing immigration restrictions based on a national origins quota system that limited the yearly number of immigrants from each country?

Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits?

Which group believed that humans were one species, united under God?

In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S. citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination. This is known as:

According to Nell Irvin Painter, author of The History of White People, white people:

When Blumenbach declared Caucasians the superlative of the races, he was following a popular line of thought that, in today's view, mistakenly assumed that:

Under Johann Caspar Lavater's theory of ________, people with light skin were thought to have higher intellect.

Japanese internment camps resulted in:

When Asians are referred to as "the model minority," this refers to their:

In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to:

In one study of television portrayals of Arabs, researchers found basic myths that continue to surround this group, such as:

Pedro describes himself as mestizo, meaning that:

Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to:

In the modern United States, people see physical markers such as hair type or skin color and think of race. In ancient Egypt, physical markers were seen as linked to:

Ontological equality is the notion that:

pleasy v ferguson

Euripedes is a fictional student of Aristotle. Following his teacher's line of thought, Euripedes proudly declares his commitment to civic association, that the true test of a person's worth is in what the individual does, not in personal characteristics. Euripedes fails to examine the fact that the principle of civic association excludes:

The German Nazis identified Jews as a "race," and race was believed to be biological. Nonetheless, the Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David because:

Due to both birthrate and the increased tendency among whites to embrace their Native roots, the Native American population is likely to:

"Majority minority" states, where whites are not the majority of the population, are:

Sheniqua is an African American girl. When she is at school, she speaks standard English. When she is at home, she speaks African American English. Her words, tone, and body language change in each setting. Sociologists call this:

Hippocrates believed that physical markers such as skin color were the result of:

An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as lawbreaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing?

The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ________ than people commonly believe.

Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt:

During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South. This resulted in:

Gordon is a graduate student wanting to develop a projection model for understanding race in the future. He consults with sociologist Jennifer Lee, and she recommends that he study:

Samuel is a white Christian minister in 1830. Like most of his contemporaries, he believes in the biblical "curse of Ham." This means that when Samuel sees an African American, he sees:

Which of the following terms hinges on the belief that social and psychological traits can be traced through bloodlines and selectively bred out of (or into) populations?

DNA testing is generally seen as a benefit to justice, because it allows for more precise identification of criminals. Sociologists see that forensic genetics also has a tendency to reproduce existing inequalities, because:

Most Arabs in the United States are not Muslim but ________, and about 20 percent of U.S. Muslims are ________.

The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education struck down what doctrine?

The one-drop rule asserts that just "one drop" of black blood makes a person:

In the 1980s, journalist Ken Auletta coined the term "underclass." He said that the underclass was different from the "rest of us" in that they:

People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn how to live in poverty. They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life. Oscar Lewis called this:

Susan Mayer, author of What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances, found in her study:

Jane is a single mother in poverty. She has intermittent, low-paying employment. Because she is forced to move a lot, she hasn't established a reliable social network for support or friendships for her children. To determine what effect this has on her children's outcomes, what factors would the parenting stress hypothesis examine?

What is one shortcoming of the current calculation of the poverty rate?

When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of household budgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage?

what method is usually used to measure poverty?

Some policy experts believe that welfare creates more problems than it solves because it discourages people from finding work. This is also known as:

Matthew Desmond predicts that increasing ________ and the cascading challenges surrounding it will be a major problem for the poor today and in the near future.

the Gini coefficient is

From her research, Susan Mayer concluded that it was not poverty that mattered, but rather:

Mollie Orshansky used the U.S. Department of Agriculture's recommendations for the minimum amount of healthy food, estimated the cost for a variety of family types, and multiplied this figure by a factor of three to measure:

How does politics affect the level of inequality in the United States?

Which of the following is one of the explanations cited for the vast disparity of wealth in the United States mentioned in your text?

A policy maker wants to recalculate poverty based on a set percentage of the median income for each metropolitan area in the United States instead of a national average. This is an example of ________ poverty.

If Country A has a Gini coefficient of .37 and Country B has a Gini coefficient of .49, which country has more inequality?

Susan Mayer wrote What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances. Her findings were similar to what Marlin Card was suggesting would have helped his chances in life. Which of the following might have addressed this issue?

One of the explanations of continued racism in America is that we have:

What population was Oscar Lewis studying when he coined the term "culture of poverty"?

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was also referred to as the:

Marlin Card expressed insight also found in Susan Mayer's research when he said that even more than increased income, families such as his would benefit from more:

Income-based measurements are deceptive because they hide the real influence of:

Which of the following shifted more of the responsibility of running welfare programs onto individual states and mandated time limits for the number of months a person can receive aid?

What is the key that government could use to get low-income earners to commit to saving?

Doug has a "rags to riches" story. He grew up a poor kid in rural West Virginia and now is an officer in the U.S. Army. His children roll their eyes every time a Domino's Pizza commercial comes on. Doug tells stories about how he played with sticks and dirt as a kid, concluding, "Tom Monaghan is right when he says, ________."

A politician who argues that poverty causes people to reject the practices of "mainstream" society is making a(n) ________ argument.

Suppose you are a policy maker who is interested in reducing behavioral problems among school-age children on Native American reservations. Based on results of a study of the Cherokee Nation, which of the following proposals will you make?

What method is usually used to measure poverty?

James Rosenbaum found that people who moved out of the ghetto and into low-poverty areas:

What percentage of American employees work for an employer that does not offer a traditional pension or retirement plan?

One of the results of the negative income tax experiment was that increasing numbers of women left their marriages. This was because:

Cho is working on poverty reduction in a Philadelphia public housing development. In the analysis he writes after the project, he uses Mario Luis Small's idea of "culture as frames" instead of Oscar Lewis's "culture of poverty" because the "culture of poverty" thesis:

In her study of real estate and inequality, graduate student Shania looks for the "Aspen effect." She is looking for:

What was the problem with the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program?

Mollie Orshansky used the U.S. Department of Agriculture's recommendations for the minimum amount of healthy food, estimated the cost for a variety of family types, and multiplied this figure by a factor of three to measure:

Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority was a class action suit that alleged that public housing was, in effect:

A family that cannot afford the basic necessities of life or purchase enough to physically sustain its members lives in:

A higher Gini coefficient score means:

Aroon is doing fieldwork on the topic of poverty in First World nations. Because he understands the difference between absolute and relative poverty, he expects that poor people in wealthier countries will have:

The Moving to Opportunity study didn't show any change in which factors between the control and treatment groups?