Endocrine System Review

11 September 2022
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endocrine system
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a collection of glands and groups of cells thats secrete hormones that regulate growth,development, and homeostsis
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hormones
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chemical "messengers" of the endocrine system that are released into the blood
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protein hormones
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class of hormones that cannot pass through the cell membrane; less likely to be stored in the body
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steroid hormone
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class of hormones that can pass through the cell membrane; can be stored in the body
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prostaglandins
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local hormones that do not enter the bloodstream
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positive feedback
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Process that amplifies a small change (Reinforce change)
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negative feedback
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a response that opposes the original stimulus
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one messenger model
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mechanism of hormone action used by steroid hormones which bring their message directly into the cell
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two messenger model
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mechanism of hormone action used by protein hormones; attach to cell membrane receptors which activate enzymes in the cell to produce the desired effect
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hypersecretion
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excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland
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hyposecretion
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deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
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pituitary gland
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the master gland of the endocrine system
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growth hormone
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hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones
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luteinizing hormone
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A protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.
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Prolactin
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Peptide hormone released by anterior pituitary which promotes lactation.
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follicle stimulating hormone
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secreted in increasing amounts during puberty, by the anterior pituitary gland, to stimulate development of reproductive cell follicles
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
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A peptide hormone released from the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.
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oxytocin
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A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It induces contractions of the uterine muscles during labor.
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antidiuretic hormone
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hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland which aids in water reabsorption by the kidney
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hypothalamus
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part of the brain which links the endocine and nervous system, and controls the pituitary gland.
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acromegaly
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Hypersecretion of the GH in adults which causes an overgrowth of bones in the hands, feet, and face
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thyroid gland
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gland found in neck that regulates rate of metabolism; produces thyroxine
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calcitonin
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Produced by the thyroid gland and decreases the blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposit in the bones. The antagonist of the parathyroid hormone.
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parahormone
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secreted by parathyroid glands and controls calcium and phosphate metabolism
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tetany
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condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone
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osteoporosis
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a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily; may be caused by hypersecretion of parahormone
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adrenal gland
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one of a pair of ductless glands, located above the kidneys, consisting of a cortex, which produces steroidal hormones, and a medulla, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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cortex
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outer part of kidney which produces corticosteroids; helps body deal with longtern stress
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medulla
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inner part of kidney which produces epineprine and norepinephrine
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cortisol
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secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by regulating glucose, carbohydrates, and fat levels
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aldosterone
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a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, regulates mineral balance in blood and controls fluid volumes
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Cushing syndrome
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excessive production of cortisol by adrenal cortex with symptoms of abnormal fat deposits and wasting away of muscle
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pancreas
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located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen, and it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon
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insulin
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a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose
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glucagon
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hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas; raises blood glucose levels
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diabetes
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a condition in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body's cells cannot use it properly, characterized by excessive thirst, weight loss/gain, frequent urination.
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estrogen
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a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics
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progesterone
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A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.
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testosterone
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The male sex hormone produced by the testes which promotes the maturation of the reproductive system accessory structures, and development of the male secondary sex characteristics.
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pineal gland
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A small mass of tissue near the center of the brain; it secretes the hormone melatonin.
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melatonin
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Hormone secreted by the pineal gland, used to regulate sleep patterns.
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Thymus gland
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Gland located near the heart; it aids in the body's defence against infection by making antibodies