Chapter 18 - Endocrine System

Response patterns in the endocrine system are particularly effective in: coordinating cell tissue and organ activities on a sustained long-term basis the release of chemical neurotransmitters crisis management rapid short-term specific responses

Which of the following would NOT be characterized as an endocrine-controlled process? maintenance of reproductive abilities in a female until menopause pregnancy the constriction of the iris muscles when a bright light is shined in the eye puberty

The release of hormones by endocrine cells alters the very specific responses to environmental stimuli anatomical boundary between the nervous and endocrine systems metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously rate at which chemical neurotransmitters are released

The biogenic amino hormones include oxytocin, ADH, GH, and prolactin E, NE, dopamine, melatonin, and thyroid hormones leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids, and calcitriol

Which of the following is NOT classified as an amino acid-derivative hormone? eicosanoids melatonin thyroxine epinephrine

A hormone that stimulates the opening of calcium channels and interaction with calmodulin __________. will bind to the mitochondria inside a cell will trigger the activation of cytoplasmic enzymes will pass through the cell membrane owing to its lipid nature is parathyroid hormone

Which of the following hormones is secreted in the pituitary gland and controls melanin production during fetal development, in young children, in pregnant women, and in some disease states? melanocyte-stimulating hormone oxytocin melatonin luteinizing hormone

Why is the hypothalamus a major coordinating and control center? It contains autonomic centers and acts as an endocrine organ. It stimulates appropriate responses by peripheral target cells. It initiates endocrine and neural reflexes. It produces all hormones secreted by the pituitary gland.

Often, when brains are removed from the body and examined in dissection, the pituitary gland is missing. This is likely because it is encased in which of the following bony structures? sella turcica frontal sinus maxillary sinus posterior cranial fossa

What is the slender, funnel-shaped structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus? sellar diaphragm sella turcica pars tuberalis infundibulum

What is the hormone synthesized from molecules of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the pineal gland? oxytocin melatonin pinealtonin melanocyte-stimulating hormone

An abnormally low production of gonadotropin produces a condition called __________. diabetogenesis hypogonadism follitropism somatomedins

The thyroid gland curves across the anterior surface of the trachea just inferior to the __________. scapula and clavicles sternum dorsal ascending aorta thyroid cartilage

Which of the following is NOT an effect of thyroid hormones on peripheral tissues? stimulation of the formation of red blood cells maturation of lymphocytes elevating levels of oxygen consumption and energy consumption increasing heart rate and force of contraction

Hypothyroidism, myxedema, and goiter may result from an inadequate amount of __________. dietary iodide salt in the diet sodium and calcium magnesium and zinc

The two pairs of parathyroid glands are embedded in the __________. posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands anterior surfaces of the thyroid cartilage anterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lateral surfaces of the thyroid cartilage

Endocrine secretions from which of the following adrenal regions would increase levels of sodium ions retained at the kidney? zona fasciculata zona reticularis zona glomerulosa adrenal medulla

What are the hormones released by the adrenal medulla? epinephrine and norepinephrine cortisol and corticosterone aldosterone and androgens mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Abnormal glucocorticoid production by the adrenal glands results in __________. adrenogenital and gynecomastia syndrome Addison disease and Cushing disease seasonal affective disorder hypo- and hyperaldosterism

Which of the following statements about the pineal gland is INCORRECT? It is found in the diencephalon of the brain. It produces melatonin. It is important in maintaining the circadian rhythms, or day-night cycles, of an individual. It secretes androgens, along with the gonads.

The pancreas lies in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and the small intestine in the __________. thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity cranial cavity pelvic cavity

Which hormones are produced by the pancreatic islets that regulate blood glucose concentrations? insulin and glucagon leptin and resistin calcitonin and calcitriol cortisol and androgens

Common diabetic-related medical problems include which of the following? muscular weakness low blood pressure partial or complete blindness neurological disorders

One of the major effects of ANP produced by the heart is that it __________. constricts peripheral blood vessels promotes water retention at the kidneys decreases thirst assists with the production of red blood cells

Which hormone, released from adipose tissue, causes somatic cells to become less responsive to insulin? aldosterone glucagon resistin leptin

The additive effects of growth hormone (GH) and glucocorticoids illustrate the __________. synergistic effect permissive effect integrative effect antagonistic effect

The differing but complementary effects of calcitriol and parathyroid hormone on tissues involved in calcium metabolism illustrate the __________. antagonistic effect additive effect integrative effect permissive effect

Insulin is important to normal growth because it promotes __________. providing adequate amounts of energy and nutrients to growing cells absorption of calcium salts for deposition in the bone normal development of the nervous system All of the listed responses are correct.

Which type of pancreatic cell produces glucagon? beta cell delta cell F cell alpha cell

In children, when sex hormones are produced prematurely, the obvious behavioral changes will cause the child to be __________. lethargic and docile aggressive and assertive regressive and retarded overweight and disgruntled

The hormone secreted in large amounts by the thyroid gland that contains four iodine ions is __________. triiodothyronine thyroglobulin calcitonin thyroxine

The specialized cells in the parathyroid glands that secrete parathormone are __________. follicular epithelial cells C cells cells of the pars distalis chief cells

The hormones that are of primary importance to normal growth include __________. ADH, AVP, E, NE, and PTH GH, thyroid hormones, insulin, PTH, and reproductive hormones mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, ACTH, LH, and insulin TSH, ACTH, insulin, parathormone, and LH

The most dramatic functional change that occurs in the endocrine system due to aging is __________. an overall decrease in circulating hormone levels a decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones a decrease in blood and tissue concentrations of ADH and TSH All of the listed responses are correct.

All the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, heart, kidneys, adipose, digestive tract, and pancreas are __________. steroid hormones catecholamines amino acid derivatives peptide hormones

The binding of a peptide hormone to its receptor starts a biochemical chain of events that changes the pattern of __________. diffusion through the lipid portion of the cell membrane an RNA transcription in the nucleus calcium ion release or entry into the cell enzymatic activity within the cell

The hypothalamus has a profound effect on endocrine functions through the secretion of __________. anterior and posterior pituitary hormones releasing and inhibiting hormones neurotransmitters involved in reflex activity All of the listed responses are correct.

A pituitary endocrine cell that is stimulated by a releasing hormone is usually __________. stimulated or inhibited by the peripheral hormone it controls also stimulated by the peripheral hormone it controls not affected by the peripheral hormone it controls inhibited by the peripheral hormone it controls

Which of the following pancreatic structures secretes large quantities of an alkaline, enzyme-rich fluid used to digest materials in the duodenum? alpha cells delta cells pancreatic islets pancreatic acini

Which of the following does NOT stimulate the release of renin from the kidneys? a decline in renal blood flow sympathetic stimulation parasympathetic stimulation None of the listed responses is correct.

The protein hormone prolactin is involved with __________. production of testosterone labor contractions and milk ejection melanin synthesis production of milk

The glycoprotein hormone FSH in the male is responsible for __________. production of interstitial cells in the male maturation of germinative cells in the gonads sperm formation and testosterone secretion The male does not secrete FSH.

The amino acid-derivative hormone epinephrine is responsible for __________. increased cardiac activity glycogen breakdown release of lipids by adipose tissues All of the listed responses are correct.

Secretions from which of the following areas of the cortex cause Cushing disease? zona reticularis zona fasciculata adrenal medulla zona glomerulosa

Glucocorticoids are hormones produced and secreted by the __________. cortex of the adrenal glands cortex of the cerebral hemisphere medulla of the adrenal glands somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum

The endocrine functions of the kidney and the heart include the production and secretion of which of the following hormones? renin and angiotensinogen insulin and glucagons erythropoietin and atrial natriuretic peptide epinephrine and norepinephrine

The reproductive system of the male produces which of the following endocrine hormones? LH and ICSH inhibin and testosterone FSH and ICSH All of the listed responses are correct.

The endocrine tissues of the reproductive system of the female produce __________. estrogens, inhibin, and progesterone FSH and LH androgens and estrogens All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following endocrine disorders would NOT be characterized as a disorder involving growth hormone? gigantism Marfan syndrome pituitary growth failure acromegaly

In adults, changes in the mixtures of hormones reaching the CNS can have significant effects on __________. intellectual capabilities memory and learning emotional states All of the listed responses are correct

If the effect of two or more hormones is acting together is greater than the sum of each acting alone, then the hormones are said to have a permissive effect.

In the direct gene activation method of hormone action, the hormone enters the target cell and binds to an intracellular receptor. The activated receptor-hormone complex then alters gene expression to produce the protein that causes the physiological responses that are characteristic of the hormone.

Insulin and thyroxine arrive at an organ at the same time. Throxine causes an effect on the organ, but insulin does not, why?

Which of the following is NOT a category of water-soluble hormones? a. peptides b. amines c. eicosanoids d. steroids e. proteins

The class of adrenal gland hormones that provides resistance to stress, produces anti-inflammatory effects, and promotes normal metabolism to ensure adequate quantities of ATP is

Increase blood Ca2+ level

Increases blood glucose level

Decreases blood Ca2+ level

Decreases blood glucose level

Initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands

Regulates the body's biological clock

Stimulates sex hormone production; triggers ovulation

Augments fight or flight responses

Regulates metabolism and resistance to stress

Helps control water and electrolyte homeostasis

Suppresses release of FSH

Stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair

Promotes T cell maturation

Regulates oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development

Stimulates protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates lipolysis, and retards use of glucose for ATP production

Inhibits water loss through the kidneys

Stimulates egg and sperm formation

Enhances uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milk ejection

Stimulates and inhibits secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Increases skin pigmentation when present in excess

Stimulates synthesis and release of T3 and T4

Local hormones involved in inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow, and inflammation